Showing papers on "Heat transfer published in 2007"

Microscale Heat Transfer Transduced by Surface Plasmon Resonant Gold Nanoparticles.

Abstract: Visible radiation at resonant frequencies is transduced to thermal energy by surface plasmons on gold nanoparticles. Temperature in ≤10-microliter aqueous suspensions of 20-nanometer gold particles irradiated by a continuous wave Ar+ ion laser at 514 nm increased to a maximum equilibrium value. This value increased in proportion to incident laser power and in proportion to nanoparticle content at low concentration. Heat input to the system by nanoparticle transduction of resonant irradiation equaled heat flux outward by conduction and radiation at thermal equilibrium. The efficiency of transducing incident resonant light to heat by microvolume suspensions of gold nanoparticles was determined by applying an energy balance to obtain a microscale heat-transfer time constant from the transient temperature profile. Measured values of transduction efficiency were increased from 3.4% to 9.9% by modulating the incident continuous wave irradiation.

Solar energy storage using phase change materials

Abstract: The continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the climb in fuel prices are the main driving forces behind efforts to more effectively utilise various sources of renewable energy. In many parts of the world, direct solar radiation is considered to be one of the most prospective sources of energy. However, the large-scale utilisation of this form of energy is possible only if the effective technology for its storage can be developed with acceptable capital and running costs. One of prospective techniques of storing solar energy is the application of phase change materials (PCMs). Unfortunately, prior to the large-scale practical application of this technology, it is necessary to resolve numerous problems at the research and development stage. This paper looks at the current state of research in this particular field, with the main focus being on the assessment of the thermal properties of various PCMs, methods of heat transfer enhancement and design configurations of heat storage facilities to be used as a part of solar passive and active space heating systems, greenhouses and solar cooking.

Nano/Microscale Heat Transfer

Abstract: Preface List of Symbols Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Overview of Macroscopic Thermal Sciences Chapter 3: Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics and Quantum Theory Chapter 4: Kinetic Theory and Micro/Nanofluidics Chapter 5: Thermal Properties of Solids and the Size Effect Chapter 6: Electron and Phonon Transport Chapter 7: Nonequilibrium Energy Transfer in Nanostructures Chapter 8: Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation Chapter 9: Radiative Properties of Nanomaterials Chapter 10: Near-Field Energy Transfer Appendix A: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, CONVERSION FACTORS, AND SI PREFIXES APPENDIX B: MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND INDEX

Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions during the 2003 European Summer Heat Wave

Abstract: The role of land surface–related processes and feedbacks during the record-breaking 2003 European summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr ECMWF ReAnalysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing the large-scale circulation. In particular, the contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their interactions with the atmosphere through latent and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity experiments are performed by perturbing spring soil moisture in order to determine its influence on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear regional climate simulation for 1970–2000 using a fixed model setup is used as the reference period. A large precipitation deficit together with early vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative anomalies in the months preceding the extreme summer event contributed to an early and rapid loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear average by far. The exceptionally high temperature anomalies, most pronounced in June and August 2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation anomalies that enabled a dominance of the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest phase in early August is realistically simulated despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface net radiation. This indicates an important role of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled by soil moisture. The lack of soil moisture strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified the surface temperature anomalies. The evaluation of the experiments with perturbed spring soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important parameter for the evolution of European heat waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture anomalies the summer heat anomalies could have been reduced by around 40% in some regions. Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence the tropospheric circulation by producing a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback mechanism between soil moisture, continental-scale circulation, and temperature.

Critical review of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids

Abstract: Researches in heat transfer have been carried out over the previous several decades, leading to the development of the currently used heat transfer enhancement techniques. The use of additives is a technique applied to enhance the heat transfer performance of base fluids. Recently, as an innovative material, nanometer-sized particles have been used in suspension in conventional heat transfer fluids. The fluids with these solid-particle suspended in them are called ‘nanofluids’. The suspended metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the base fluid. The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments in research on the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids for the purpose of suggesting some possible reasons why the suspended nanoparticles can enhance the heat transfer of conventional fluids and to provide a guide line or perspective for future research.

Thermal Conductivity and Particle Agglomeration in Alumina Nanofluids: Experiment and Theory

Abstract: In recent years many experimentalists have reported an anomalously enhanced thermal conductivity in liquid suspensions of nanoparticles. Despite the importance of this effect for heat transfer applications, no agreement has emerged about the mechanism of this phenomenon, or even about the experimentally observed magnitude of the enhancement. To address these issues, this paper presents a combined experimental and theoretical study of heat conduction and particle agglomeration in nanofluids. On the experimental side, nanofluids of alumina particles in water and ethylene glycol are characterized using thermal conductivity measurements, viscosity measurements, dynamic light scattering, and other techniques. The results show that the particles are agglomerated, with an agglomeration state that evolves in time. The data also show that the thermal conductivity enhancement is within the range predicted by effective medium theory. On the theoretical side, a model is developed for heat conduction through a fluid containing nanoparticles and agglomerates of various geometries. The calculations show that elongated and dendritic structures are more efficient in enhancing the thermal conductivity than compact spherical structures of the same volume fraction, and that surface (Kapitza) resistance is the major factor resulting in the lower than effective medium conductivities measured in our experiments. Together, these results imply that the geometry, agglomeration state, and surface resistance of nanoparticles are the main variables controlling thermal conductivity enhancement in nanofluids.

A critical review of convective heat transfer of nanofluids

Abstract: A nanofluid is a suspension of ultrafine particles in a conventional base fluid which tremendously enhances the heat transfer characteristics of the original fluid. Furthermore, nanofluids are expected to be ideally suited in practical applications as their use incurs little or no penalty in pressure drop because the nanoparticles are ultrafine, therefore, appearing to behave more like a single-phase fluid than a solid–liquid mixture. About a decade ago, several published articles focused on measuring and determining the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids, some also evaluated the effective viscosity. There are only a few published articles on deriving the forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids. The purpose of this article is to summarize the published subjects respect to the forced convective heat transfer of the nanofluids both of experimental and numerical investigation.

Liquid Vapor Phase Change Phenomena : An Introduction to the Thermophysics of Vaporization and Condensation Processes in Heat Transfer Equipment

Abstract: Part 1:Thermodynamic and Mechanical Aspects of Interfacial Phenomena and Phase Transitions 1.Introductory Concepts 2.Interfacial Tension 3.Wetting Phenomena and Contact Angles 4.Transport Effects and Dynamic Behavior of Interfaces 5.Phase Stability Part 2:Boiling and Condensation Near Immersed Bodies 6.Heterogenous Nucleation and Bubble Growth in Liquids 7.Pool Boiling 8.Other Aspects of Boiling and Evaporation in an Extensive Ambient 9.External Condensation Part 3:Internal Flow Convective Boiling and Condensation 10.Introduction to Two-Phase Flow 11.Internal Convective Condensation 12.Cnvective Boiling in Tubes and Channels Part 4:Special Topics 13.Special Topics and Applications Appendix I:Basic Elements of the Kinetic Theory of Gases Appendix II:Saturation Properties of Selected Fluids Index

State of the Art of High Heat Flux Cooling Technologies

Abstract: The purpose of this literature review is to compare different cooling technologies currently in development in research laboratories that are competing to solve the challenge of cooling the next generation of high heat flux computer chips. Today, most development efforts are focused on three technologies: liquid cooling in copper or silicon micro-geometry heat dissipation elements, impingement of liquid jets directly on the silicon surface of the chip, and two-phase flow boiling in copper heat dissipation elements or plates with numerous microchannels. The principal challenge is to dissipate the high heat fluxes (current objective is 300 W/cm2) while maintaining the chip temperature below the targeted temperature of 85°C, while of second importance is how to predict the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of the cooling process. In this study, the state of the art of these three technologies from recent experimental articles (since 2003) is analyzed and a comparison of the respective merits and ...

Effects of Various Parameters on Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity

Abstract: The addition of a small amount of nanoparticles in heat transfer fluids results in the new thermal phenomena of nanofluids (nanoparticle-fluid suspensions) reported in many investigations. However, traditional conductivity theories such as the Maxwell or other macroscale approaches cannot explain the thermal behavior of nanofluids. Recently, Jang and Choi proposed and modeled for the first time the Brownian-motion-induced nanoconvection as a key nanoscale mechanism governing the thermal behavior of nanofluids, but did not clearly explain this and other new concepts used in the model. This paper explains in detail the new concepts and simplifying assumptions and reports the effects of various parameters such as the ratio of the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles to that of a base fluid, volume fraction, nanoparticle size, and temperature on the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Comparison of model predictions with published experimental data shows good agreement for nanofluids containing oxide, metallic, and carbon nanotubes.

Heat transfer and fluid flow during keyhole mode laser welding of tantalum, Ti–6Al–4V, 304L stainless steel and vanadium

Abstract: Because of the complexity of several simultaneous physical processes, most heat transfer models of keyhole mode laser welding require some simplifications to make the calculations tractable. The simplifications often limit the applicability of each model to the specific materials systems for which the model is developed. In this work, a rigorous, yet computationally efficient, keyhole model is developed and tested on tantalum, Ti–6Al–4V, 304L stainless steel and vanadium. Unlike previous models, this one combines an existing model to calculate keyhole shape and size with numerical fluid flow and heat transfer calculations in the weld pool. The calculations of the keyhole profile involved a point-by-point heat balance at the keyhole walls considering multiple reflections of the laser beam in the vapour cavity. The equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy are then solved in three dimensions assuming that the temperatures at the keyhole wall reach the boiling point of the different metals or alloys. A turbulence model based on Prandtl's mixing length hypothesis was used to estimate the effective viscosity and thermal conductivity in the liquid region. The calculated weld cross-sections agreed well with the experimental results for each metal and alloy system examined here. In each case, the weld pool geometry was affected by the thermal diffusivity, absorption coefficient, and the melting and boiling points, among the various physical properties of the alloy. The model was also used to better understand solidification phenomena and calculate the solidification parameters at the trailing edge of the weld pool. These calculations indicate that the solidification structure became less dendritic and coarser with decreasing weld velocities over the range of speeds investigated in this study. Overall, the keyhole weld model provides satisfactory simulations of the weld geometries and solidification sub-structures for diverse engineering metals and alloys.