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Hmg protein
About: Hmg protein is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 506 publications have been published within this topic receiving 26847 citations.
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TL;DR: A novel role for a trithorax-homologous protein in multilineage human leukemias that may be mediated by DNA binding within the minor groove at AT-rich sites is suggested, implicated to play an important role in bacterial IHF, yeast datin-, and mammalian HMG-mediated gene activation.
967 citations
TL;DR: It will be important to analyze the expression of endogenous or stably integrated genes rather than transiently transfected templates that are not efficiently packaged into chromatin to address some of the questions of protein acetylation.
864 citations
TL;DR: All the HMG proteins are considered to function as architectural elements that modify the structure of DNA and chromatin to generate a conformation that facilitates and enhances various DNA-dependent activities.
Abstract: HMG FUNCTIONAL MOTIFS The orderly progression of most DNA-related activities such as transcription, replication, recombination, and repair involves changes in the structure of the DNA and in the organization of the chromatin fiber. Some of these structural changes are facilitated by a family of ubiquitous and abundant nonhistone nuclear proteins known as the high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins. In the narrowest traditional sense, the HMG protein family consists of six proteins and is subdivided into three subfamilies: the HMG-1/-2 subfamily, the HMG-I/Y subfamily and the HMG-14/-17 subfamily. These three HMG subfamilies are similar in several physical characteristics (detailed reviews on these proteins are found in references 10, 12, 14, 28, and 54); however, each of the subfamilies has a unique protein signature and a characteristic functional sequence motif. These functional sequence motifs are the main site of interaction between the HMG proteins and the DNA or chromatin targets. The HMG-1 domain (often referred to as the HMG-1 box) is the functional motif of the largest HMG subfamily, the HMG-1/-2 proteins; the AT hook is the functional motif of the HMG-I/Y group, and the nucleosomal binding domain is the functional motif of the HMG-14/-17 subfamily. Significantly, all of these functional motifs bind to specific structures in DNA or in chromatin, with little if any specificity for the target DNA sequence. All the HMG proteins are considered to function as architectural elements that modify the structure of DNA and chromatin to generate a conformation that facilitates and enhances various DNA-dependent activities. The functional motifs characteristic of the HMG-1 (8, 10, 45, 61, 63) and HMG-I/Y (3, 51) subfamilies have been identified in numerous nuclear proteins that interact with DNA and chromatin. However, it is important to clearly distinguish the archetypal, or canonical, HMG proteins from the proteins containing these HMG motifs embedded in their primary sequence. The former are ubiquitous in all the cells of higher eukaryotes, are relatively abundant, and bind to DNA in a sequence-independent fashion, while the latter are cell-type specific, are not abundant, bind to DNA in a sequence-specific fashion, and frequently contain additional, distinct non-HMG functional motifs. In considering the biological importance of the HMG motifs, it is important to take into account their relative abundance in the nucleus. The cellular levels of HMG fluctuate; however, on the average, the amount of HMG-1/-2 in a cell is about 10-fold lower than that of a histone, the amount of HMG-14/-17 is 10-fold-lower than that of HMG-1/-2, and the amount of HMG-I/Y is 10-fold lower than that of HMG-14/-17 (54). The amount of HMG-14/-17 in the average cell, about 10 5 molecules, is sufficient to bind to 1% of the nucleosomes, i.e., to approximately 100,000 nucleosomes. Thus, even small fluctuations in the cellular levels of these abundant proteins may have significant biological consequences, since the expression of certain genes can be affected by structural changes in a single nucleosome (118, 119).
843 citations
TL;DR: This chapter summarizes recent information on the function of high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins and suggests that HMG proteins are associated with selected regions in chromatin and this association affects the architecture and increases the structural complexity of the chromatin fiber.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes recent information on the function of high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins. Advances in this field were made primarily by elucidating the structure of these proteins and by understanding their mode of interactions with DNA and chromatin. Renewed interest in these proteins is because of the finding that the DNA-binding domains of many regulatory proteins share common elements with the HMG-1/-2 chromosomal protein family. The HMG proteins are among the largest and best characterized group of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Members of this protein group are found in all the cells of higher eukaryotes. Most of the data suggest that HMG proteins are associated with selected regions in chromatin and this association affects the architecture and increases the structural complexity of the chromatin fiber. The human HMG-I(Y) gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 in a region involved in rearrangements, translocations, and other abnormalities correlated with a number of human cancers.
737 citations
TL;DR: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside thecell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP).
717 citations