Human-body model

Abstract: The paper presents the design and validation of a three-segment human body model. The model is aimed at the reconstruction of motion trajectories of the shank, thigh and HAT (Head-Arms-Trunk) segments in sit-to-stand-motion using low cost inertial sensors. For this purpose the Extended Kalman filter is applied for fusion of model data and data acquired through measurements. The simplifications, like motion constraint to sagittal plane, symmetry of movement and assumption of ideal joints are introduced in the model. Model validation was performed on simulated data and on measurements data acquired with the Optotrak optical motion analysis system. Obtained results are presented and discussed.

Abstract: Human-generated ESD current waveshapes are predicted under contact discharge and arc discharge conditions. The uncertainties connected to man's posture and proximity to the victim are carefully examined. The adopted human body model is devised to be composed of 11 elemental blocks and treated by the diakoptic method in analogy with network theory. The set of given leakage capacitances, in conjunction with the resistances and inductances as serial parameters, forms a complex RLC network. The assembly includes the grounded or ungrounded victim and image elements due to the presence of the plane and a nearby vertical wall. A PSPICE software allows the discharge scenario to be evaluated. New insight into the complex charge transfer is thus gained, which is combined with arc discharge performances. This careful analytical interpretation of the ESD phenomenon could contribute to in-progress standardization.

Abstract: Knowledge of the distribution of electrical fields in the human body is of importance for scientists, engineers and physicians. This paper shows one way to achieve this knowledge by numerical calculation based on macroscopic models of the human body. An anatomical model is created by preprocessing, segmentation and classification of the digital images within the Visible Man data set. Conductivity models are derived, which describe the distribution of electrical conductivity in the human body. A conductivity model is applied to solve an exemplary forward problem in electrophysiology, which consist of the calculation of the electrical field distribution arising from cardiac sources. The cardiac sources are obtained by a model of the excitation process within the heart. The calculation of electrical fields is carried out numerically by employing the finite difference method.

Abstract: A technique to provide ESD protection for multi-GHz R-F inputs is presented. It provides protection against both human body model (HBM) and charged device model (CDM) type events with minimal effect on RE performance. A 5.25 GHz LNA protected by this means has a measured HBM ESD protection level of 3.6 kV.

Abstract: Human-generated ESD current waveshapes are predicted under contact discharge and arc discharge conditions. The uncertainties connected to the man's posture and proximity to the victim element are carefully examined. The adopted human body model is devised to be composed of 11 elemental blocks and treated by the diakoptic method in analogy with network theory. The set of given leakage capacitances, in conjunction with the resistances and inductances as serial parameters, forms a complex RLC network. The assembly includes the grounded or ungrounded victim element and image elements due to the presence of the plane and a nearby vertical wall. PSPICE software allows the discharge scenario to be evaluated. New insight into the complex charge transfer is thus gained, which has been combined with arc derived performances. This careful analytical interpretation of the ESD phenomenon could contribute to in-progress standardization.