scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Human capital published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the effect of natural resources abundance, human capital, and urbanization on the ecological footprint in China, controlling economic growth and found that urbanization and economic growth contribute to environmental degradation, whereas human capital mitigates environmental deterioration.

550 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect of urbanization and human capital on the ecological footprint in G7 countries using advanced panel data estimators, such as CUP-FM and CUPBC on data from 1971 to 2014.

357 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic literature review aims to provide an overview of the research to date related to influences of the Industry 4.0 Revolution on human capital development and consumer behavior.
Abstract: Automation and digitalization, as long-term evolutionary processes, cause significant effects, such as the transformation of occupations and job profiles, changes to employment forms, and a more significant role for the platform economy, generating challenges for social policy. This systematic literature review aims to provide an overview of the research to date related to influences of the Industry 4.0 Revolution on human capital development and consumer behavior. A search on the Web of Science identified 160 papers that met the inclusion criteria. The major objectives aimed to identify: the main types of influences of the Industry 4.0 Revolution on human capital development and consumer behavior; the main opportunities and challenges for new directions in education associated with shifting the work environment; and the drivers for human capital development and consumer behavior through the lenses of the Industry 4.0 Revolution. The results revealed some key aspects for the development of human capital: information, new jobs, the Internet, technology, training, education, new skills, automation, communication, innovativeness, professionals, productivity, artificial intelligence, digitalization, e-recruitment, and the Internet of Things, as well as the main drivers of consumer behavior: information, e-commerce, digitalization, the Internet of Things, e-distribution, technology, digitalization, automation, personalized, performance, artificial intelligence, behavior intention, e-shopping, and data mining.

256 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the effect of environmental regulation on technological innovations based on the provincial panel data of industrial sectors in China during the years 2005-2015, and found that industries with a higher degree of market competition and higher human capital investment tend to have stronger technological innovation capabilities.

247 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used an augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test with and without structural breaks and Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. this article generalized least squares based test to examine the stationary properties of the variables.

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study highlights that the over-dependence on fossil fuel energy and natural resources for economic development, carbon-intensive trade and carbon-embedded human capital, thwart efforts to mitigating climate change and its impacts.

201 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determine the future proportion and variants of usage of human intellect and artificial intelligence (AI) in entrepreneurship of industry 4.0 that fits social entrepreneurship the most.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to determine the future proportion and variants of usage of human intellect and artificial intelligence (AI) in entrepreneurship of industry 4.0 that fits social entrepreneurship the most. It could be convergence (simultaneous utilization during the same entrepreneurial processes with the emphasis on unique features by the terms of the competition) or divergence (usage during different business processes by the terms of labor division).,The authors determine the influence of usage of human capital and AI on the efficiency of social entrepreneurship. The authors identify the perspective directions of usage of AI in social entrepreneurship and evaluate the readiness and interest in the implementation of these directions of concerned parties. The authors also model the optimal proportions and the variant of usage of human intellect and AI in social entrepreneurship in the conditions of Industry 4.0 in the future (until 2030).,It is found that social entrepreneurship will use the opportunities of Industry 4.0 for optimization of its activities until 2030, but will refuse from full automatization, using human intellect and AI at the same time.,The most perspective directions of application of AI at social companies are a collection of social goods and services, marketing studies and promotion of social goods and services. Neither convergence nor divergence of human and artificial intellectual capital does not fully conform to the interests of concerned parties. The most preferable (optimal) variant of usage of human intellect and AI in social entrepreneurship in the Industry 4.0 is human intelligent decision support.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of smart governance factors on quality of life in the context of smart cities is analyzed, using multivariate data techniques, with the application of Structural Equation Modeling methodology.

154 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the resource curse hypothesis in the presence of globalization, human capital, and economic growth in China during the period 1971-2017 and provided more rigorous analysis through several econometric methods, for instance, the Bayer and Hanck cointegration, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), robustness check by fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), DOLS, canonical cointegrating regression (CCR), and Breitung-Candelon spectral Granger causality testing.

140 citations


08 Jun 2020
TL;DR: The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a heavy blow to an already weak global economy, which is expected to slide into its deepest recession since the second world war, despite unprecedented policy support.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has, with alarming speed, dealt a heavy blow to an already-weak global economy, which is expected to slide into its deepest recession since the second world war, despite unprecedented policy support. The global recession would be deeper if countries take longer to bring the pandemic under control, if financial stress triggers defaults, or if there are protracted effects on households and firms. Economic disruptions are likely to be more severe and protracted in emerging market and developing economies with larger domestic outbreaks and weaker medical care systems; greater exposure to international spillovers through trade, tourism, and commodity and financial markets; weaker macroeconomic frameworks; and more pervasive informality and poverty. Beyond the current steep economic contraction, the pandemic is likely to leave lasting scars on the global economy by undermining consumer and investor confidence, human capital, and global value chains. Being mostly a reflection of the recent plunge in global energy demand, low oil prices are unlikely to provide much of a boost to global growth in the near term. While policymakers’ immediate priorities are to address the health crisis and moderate the short-term economic losses, the likely long-term consequences of the pandemic highlight the need to forcefully undertake comprehensive reform programs to improve the fundamental drivers of economic growth, once the crisis abates.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that the relationship between human capital and CO2 emissions is time-varying, that it switched from positive to negative in the 1950s and became more strongly negative thereafter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In different streams of literature employability has been defined in different, often related ways as mentioned in this paper, and we take an interdisciplinary approach, combining insights from research on higher education and w...
Abstract: In different streams of literature employability has been defined in different, often related ways. We take an interdisciplinary approach, combining insights from research on higher education and w...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model is outlined that explains how burdens and cognitive resources, especially executive functioning, interrelate, and creates a human capital catch‐22, increasing people's likelihood of needing state assistance while simultaneously undermining the cognitive resources required to negotiate the burdens they encounter while seeking such assistance.
Abstract: One means by which the state reinforces inequality is by imposing administrative burdens that loom larger for citizens with lower levels of human capital. Integrating insights from various disciplines, this article focuses on one aspect of human capital: cognitive resources. The authors outline a model that explains how burdens and cognitive resources, especially executive functioning, interrelate. The article then presents illustrative examples, highlighting three common life factors-scarcity, health problems, and age-related cognitive decline. These factors create a human capital catch-22, increasing people's likelihood of needing state assistance while simultaneously undermining the cognitive resources required to negotiate the burdens they encounter while seeking such assistance. The result is to reduce access to state benefits and increase inequality. The article concludes by calling for scholars of behavioral public administration and public administration more generally to incorporate more attention to human capital into their research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that equity funds should enhance their human capital efficiency to endure resilience amid macroeconomic shocks.
Abstract: The mutual funds’ returns, inter alia, are dependent on fund managers’ performance. This makes human capital efficiency very central for consistent risk-adjusted performance. The persistence in performance becomes more critical during periods of high turbulence, like the one we are experiencing amidst the outbreak of Covid-19. In this research, we attempt to evaluate the performance of equity funds in massively impacted Latin American countries. These equity funds, with 95% of their investment in the infected region, are ranked as per their human capital efficiency using 2019 as the base year. Our findings demonstrate that funds with higher human capital efficiency significantly outperform their counterparts that rank lower on human capital efficiency. These findings remained consistent for the sub-periods that we specify to map the evolution of Covid-19. We conclude that equity funds should enhance their human capital efficiency to endure resilience amid macroeconomic shocks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the contingent role of a country's formal institutions on the relationship between individual capital (financial, human and social capital) and social entrepreneurship entry is investigated. And the authors find that this relationship is contingent on the formal institutional context such that philanthropy-oriented financial systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of financial capital.

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Oct 2020-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the heterogeneous effect of eco-innovation and human capital along with energy price, financial development, research & development expenditure on the total energy consumption (TEC), non-renewable energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the presence of female directors on corporate social responsibility disclosure was examined, focusing on the necessary critical mass of this minority group, and the moderation of the human capital of board members that could favor the intrinsic female directors' characteristics through the cognitive effect of equal board members.
Abstract: This paper aims to examine two closely related issues: first, the effect of the presence of female directors on boards on corporate social responsibility disclosure, focusing on the necessary critical mass of this minority group, and, second, the moderation of the human capital of board members—their background, skills, and experience—that could favor the intrinsic female directors' characteristics through the cognitive effect of equal board members. For an international sample of 9,744 firm‐year observations from 2007 to 2016, different panel data regressions are proposed. The findings of this study reveal a positive impact of gender board diversity on voluntary socially responsible disclosure by examining the presence of at least three women on the board—the critical mass. Moreover, the paper reports a greater effect when the board's background, skills, and experience are greater. As a supplemental analysis, the evidence shows that the female role does not remain when women achieve the position of chairperson; that is, female directors adopt a male stereotype regarding voluntary information disclosure when they are also the chairperson of the firm, independently of the human capital of the board members.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new predictive model to estimate the impact of monetary policies on CO2 emissions along with control variables, including income, remittances, urbanization, fossil fuels, and human capital in selected Asian economies for the period 1990-2014.
Abstract: This paper offers a unique perspective in the field of environmental economics and research by linking CO2 emissions (CO2e) and monetary policies Through a newly‐developed predictive model, the study estimated the impact of monetary policies on CO2e along with control variables, including income, remittances, urbanization, fossil fuels, and human capital in selected Asian economies for the period 1990–2014 Data were analyzed using the Pedroni and Kao co‐integration tests, panel fully‐modified (PFM‐LS), and panel dynamic least squares (PD‐LS) techniques for data analysis Some of the main findings are as follows First, the results showed a significant long‐term positive relationship between expansionary monetary policy and CO2e Second, the contractionary monetary policy serves an effective measure to mitigate CO2e Third, improvements in human capital have a positive impact on reducing CO2e Fourth, remittances and fossil fuels are also prime determinants of CO2e Based on the present findings, the paper proposes important implications and a predictive tool for policymakers to design effective policies and strategies for reducing CO2e

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a workforce architecture with new interactions, a term to embrace the human capital of the future and a typology for referencing the required competences for Industry 4.0.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is twofold: to raise and address an important change for the human capital in the future of Industry 4.0, and to propose a human-focused perspective for companies underneath the new Industrial Revolution.,The research study follows a state-of-the-art literature review process. The nature of the selected approach enables to cover the extensive aim of the paper with sufficient scientific solidity that should support the understanding of every topic.,This work has presented three relevant aspects for Industry 4.0 and its human labour force: a workforce architecture with new interactions, a term to embrace the human capital of the future and a typology for referencing the required competences for Industry 4.0.,The paper sheds light on an important aspect for the emerging Industrial Revolution, the human force. The result and conclusion sections suggest future implications for academia and the private sector, due to changes at the conceptual and practical levels of human operation in the industry – for example, new structural interactions among employees, additional qualities to human capital and different ways to identify the competences for the workforce.,This is an interdisciplinary study that tries to bring together a modern industrial term, a social focus and a company scenario. From this, it was possible to obtain a new social term, a novel typology of competences and a new company-scenario interaction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the impact of trade openness and human capital on economic growth in 19 Asian countries from 1985 to 2017, and found that human capital and economic growth have a significant and positive relationship.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of trade openness and human capital on economic growth in 19 Asian countries from 1985 to 2017. We selected two geographically distributed regions (Western and Southern Asia) based on difference in their GDP per capita. We applied the unit root tests to examine the level of stationarity and found that all variables were integrated at first difference. Kao and Fisher cointegration tests were employed and the results revealed the presence of a long-run relationship. We applied fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models to check the magnitude of the long-run coefficients among trade openness, human capital and economic growth. To investigate the direction of causality, we used a Dumitrescu and Hurlin (DH) causality test. The results indicated that trade openness and human capital have a significant and positive relationship while labor force participation has a negative effect on economic growth in Southern Asia, and in the case of Western Asia, the impact is positive. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative and significant impact on GDP per capita (GDPPC) in Western Asia while it is positive and significant in Southern Asia; Total population (TPOP) has a negative impact on GDPPC in both regions. Furthermore, human capital has a positive and significant impact on trade openness in both panels. Meanwhile, labor force participation (LFP) has a positive and significant impact on trade openness in Southern Asia and a negative impact in the case of Western Asia. Trade openness and economic growth have bidirectional causality in Western Asia and unidirectional causality in Southern Asia. It also shows that human capital and economic growth have unidirectional causality in both regions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the impact of green human resource management practices and green intellectual capital on sustainability, using cross-sectional data, and found that the two dimensions of GHRM practices (green recruitment and selection, and green rewards) and green Intellectual Capital (green human capital, green structural capital and green relational capital) have a positive effect on a firm's sustainability.
Abstract: According to the resource-based view (RBV), an organization can be viewed as a collection of human, physical and organizational resources. These resources are valuable and inimitable, and are the main source of sustainable competitive advantage and sustained higher performance. Green human resource management (GHRM) practices help organizations to obtaina competitive advantage and align business strategies with the environment. In the same way, increases in environmental awareness and strict implementation of international environmental regulations havea greater impact on business sustainability. Environmentalism and sustainability are becoming more of a concern for organizations. For this reason, green human resource managementpractices and green intellectual capital are the main elements of business sustainability. Based on the resource-based view and intellectual capital-based view theory, this study investigated the impact of GHRM practices and green intellectual capital on sustainability, using cross-sectional data. The results show that the two dimensions of GHRM practices (green recruitment and selection, and green rewards) and green intellectual capital (green human capital, green structural capital and green relational capital) have a positive effect on a firm’s sustainability. GHRM practices and green intellectual capital have a positive role in this model. Practitioners, scholars and academics all may take benefits from the findings of this study.Limited variables andemerging and developingeconomies were the scope of this study. Future studies could investigate and explore the impact of green HRM practices and the role of management and stakeholder pressureonnew areas of sustainability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance of the banking industry in Indonesia and provided empirical evidence on the use of the conventional Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) model and the adjusted value-added Intellectual Coefficients (A-VAIC).
Abstract: Purpose This study aims to investigate the intellectual capital–financial performance relationship using two models, namely the conventional Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) model and the adjusted Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (A-VAIC) model Design/methodology/approach This study is designed as a quantitative research focusing on the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance of the banking industry in Indonesia As many as 114 data are derived from the publicly listed banks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period of 2012–2017 The multiple regression analysis is employed to test the hypotheses studied Findings In general, the result confirms that intellectual capital affects financial performance Although not all hypotheses of the study are supported by either the VAIC model or the A-VAIC model, the results provide a deeper and new insight on how each component of intellectual capital efficiency (human capital, structural capital, capital employed, innovation capital) relates to financial performance (return on asset, return on equity, asset turnover, price to book ratio) The results also justify that further improvements in measuring intellectual capital are still needed in the future Research limitations/implications This study limits its generalization since the sample is only in the Indonesian banking industry Notwithstanding the limitation, the results imply that the Indonesian banking managers need to be aware of intellectual capital management because of its strategic role in enhancing financial performance Practical implications This study contributes to the intellectual capital literature by providing empirical evidence on the use of both models, namely the conventional VAIC and the A-VAIC in the Indonesian banking industry research setting which is never been studied before Social implications This study has the social implication to the enhancement of the quality life of the society The higher the quality of intellectual capital in the banking firms, the better the banks serve the needs of the community Originality/value This study contributes to the IC literature by providing empirical research on the use of the VAIC model and the A-VAIC model in the Indonesian banking industry

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review a growing empirical literature on the effects of personal taxation on the geographic mobility of people and discuss its policy implications, and highlight the importance of recognizing that mobility elasticities are not exogenous, structural parameters.
Abstract: In this article, we review a growing empirical literature on the effects of personal taxation on the geographic mobility of people and discuss its policy implications. We start by laying out the empirical challenges that prevented progress in this area and then discuss how recent work has made use of new data sources and quasi-experimental approaches to credibly estimate migration responses. This body of work has shown that certain segments of the labor market, especially high-income workers and professions with little location-specific human capital, may be quite responsive to taxes in their location decisions. When considering the implications for tax policy design, we distinguish between uncoordinated and coordinated tax policy. We highlight the importance of recognizing that mobility elasticities are not exogenous, structural parameters. They can vary greatly depending on the population being analyzed, the size of the tax jurisdiction, the extent of tax policy coordination, and a range of non-tax policies. While migration responses add to the efficiency costs of redistributing income, we caution against over-using the recent evidence of (sizeable) mobility responses to taxes as an argument for less redistribution in a globalized world.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study shows that an increase in healthcare expenditure has a positive relationship with economic performance, and supports arguments against the current healthcare system's structure in a limited way.
Abstract: This research explores the association of public health expenditure with economic performance across the United States. Healthcare expenditure can result in better provision of health opportunities, which can strengthen human capital and improve the productivity, thereby contributing to economic performance. It is therefore important to assess the phenomenon of healthcare spending in a country. Using visual analytics, we collected economic and health data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the years 2003-2014. The overall results strongly suggest a positive correlation between healthcare expenditure and the economic indicators of income, GDP, and labor productivity. While healthcare expenditure is negatively associated with multi-factor productivity, it is positively associated with the indicators of labor productivity, personal spending, and GDP. The study shows that an increase in healthcare expenditure has a positive relationship with economic performance. There are also variations across states that justify further research. Building on this and prior research, policy implications include that the good health of citizens indeed results in overall better economy. Therefore, investing carefully in various healthcare aspects would boost income, GDP, and productivity, and alleviate poverty. In light of these potential benefits, universal access to healthcare is something that warrants further research. Also, research can be done in countries with single-payer systems to see if a link to productivity exists there. The results support arguments against our current healthcare system's structure in a limited way.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for six West African countries over 1970-2017 while using human capital and biocapacity as additional determinants of carbon emissions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of skilled labor and the inalienability of human capital expose firms to the risk of losing talent in critical times using Swedish micro-data, and firms lose workers with the highest cognitive and non-cognitive skills as they approach bankruptcy.
Abstract: The importance of skilled labor and the inalienability of human capital expose firms to the risk of losing talent in critical times Using Swedish micro-data, we document that firms lose workers with the highest cognitive and noncognitive skills as they approach bankruptcy In a quasi-experiment, we confirm that financial distress is driving these results: following a negative export shock caused by exogenous currency movements, talent abandons the firm, but only if the exporter is highly leveraged Consistent with talent dependence being associated with higher labor costs of financial distress, firms that rely more on talent have more conservative capital structures

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided new insights into the link among knowledge, industrial robotics and labor productivity by testing 12 hypotheses on samples of 1,515 and 1,380 Spanish manufacturing small and medium enterprises in 2008 and 2015.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Female labor force participation among educated women in four MENA countries - Algeria, Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia -- is constrained by adverse developments in the structure of employment opportunities on the demand side, leading to increases in female unemployment or declines in participation.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Despite rapidly rising female educational attainment and the closing, if not reversal, of the gender gap in education, female labor force participation rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remain low and stagnant. This is a phenomenon that has come to be known as the "MENA paradox". Even if increases in participation are observed, they are typically in the form of rising unemployment rather than employment. METHODS We use multinomial logit models estimated, by country, on annual labor force survey data for four MENA countries - Algeria, Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia - to simulate trends in female participation in different labor market states (public sector, private wage work, non-wage work, unemployment and non-participation) for married and unmarried women and men, of a given educational and age profile. RESULTS Our results confirm that the decline in the probability of public sector employment for educated women is associated with either an increase in unemployment or a decline in participation. CONCLUSIONS We argue that failure of employment rates to increase in line with women's rapidly rising educational attainment - the so-called MENA paradox -- can be primarily attributed to the change in opportunity structures facing educated women in the MENA region in the 2000s, rather than the supply-side factors traditionally emphasized in the literature to explain low female participation in MENA. CONTRIBUTION We argue that female labor force participation among educated women in four MENA countries - Algeria, Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia -- is constrained by adverse developments in the structure of employment opportunities on the demand side. Specifically, the contraction in public sector employment opportunities has not been made up by a commensurate increase in opportunities in the formal private sector, leading to increases in female unemployment or declines in participation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper studied the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education and found that Poles with a family history of forced migrants are significantly more educated than other Poles. But they did not find that there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment.
Abstract: We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled ( primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital.