Human rights

About: Human rights is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 98954 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1188150 citations. The topic is also known as: human right.

Freedom of religion, equality and discrimination in the European Convention on Human Rights

Abstract: This thesis proposes a theory of interpretation of the right to freedom of religion or belief under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It investigates the normative relationship between the right to freedom of religion and the values of liberty and equality, as well as the doctrinal implications of that relationship for the connections between the right to freedom of religion and other rights, including the right to freedom from discrimination. This is a combined normative and doctrinal project. The central normative claim is that the right to freedom of religion is justified on the abstract principle of equal respect for our personal responsibility to assess and choose ethical values for ourselves, authentically and independently from the coercive interference of others. The thesis argues that this principle is the moral bedrock of the rights to freedom of religion and freedom from religious discrimination, and that the moral fusion of the two rights explains their interchangeable use in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Moreover, this thesis argues that the relationship between freedom of religion and equal respect is better explained through a reasonblocking account of the right, according to which the permissibility of state limitations on the right depends on the nature of the justification that must be given for them, not solely on their consequences examined independently of that justification. Compared to interest-based accounts, it is argued that a reason-blocking interpretation of the right better fits significant parts of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR and is ultimately more conducive to distinguishing which kinds of state interference with our choice and expression of ethical values are justifiable. Finally, this thesis applies this interpretation to various current legal problems: the relationship between freedom of religion and freedom from religious discrimination as well as between religious discrimination and sexual orientation discrimination; the wearing of religious symbols, including the full-face veil, in public; and the regulation of blasphemous forms of expression. Whereas the theory developed in this thesis explains the relevant case law in many of those areas, certain other parts of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR seem to deviate from the proposed theory. In these cases this thesis not only shows why the proposed theory advances a more attractive and more specific account of the scope of the right to freedom of religion, but, importantly, it also shows why that interpretation better fits the principles underlying the jurisprudence of the ECtHR across a number of rights that involve public expressive dimensions, including respect for private life and freedom of expression. So, despite the fact that in certain cases the ECtHR has reached different outcomes to those that the normative theory defended here would point to, overall this thesis aims to show that tracking the normative justification of religious freedom to a more general right to equal respect for ethical responsibility consolidates religious freedom into a more general theory of rights which could be conducive to a more coherent interpretation of the Convention.

The shrinking of human rights: the controversial revision of the Helsinki Declaration.

Abstract: The right of access to health care for HIV patients in developing countries has been weakened by the 1999 revision of the Helsinki Declaration There is a dichotomy between discussions of human rights and liberal international public health policy Utilitarian ethics, devoid of a sound notion of universal justice, encourage discrimination against economically vulnerable patients in developing countries Greater coherence is needed between ethical principles and practical issues, particularly with regard to scientific research

A Bird in the Hand is Worth Two in the Bush – On the Assumed Legal Nature of the Responsibility to Protect

Abstract: Based on the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice that resolutions of the General Assembly can only create legal provisions in exceptional circumstances, the review of the negotiation history of the Summit Outcome Document and the recent practice of the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Human Rights Council related to the implementation of the agreement on the responsibility to protect leads to the conclusion that no new collective legal obligation has been created. Instead, the responsibility offers an opportunity to improve the implementation of existing legal obligations to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. If used for the development of a continuum of civil and military action to prevent and halt only these exceptional crimes, the necessary practice and opinio juris might be created over time, to establish the responsibility to protect as a norm of international customary law.