Topic
Hydraulic retention time
About: Hydraulic retention time is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6406 publications have been published within this topic receiving 151005 citations.
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TL;DR: The results showed that the optimum addition of DSS was approximately 25.0 wt% according to the physical properties of SCF, and the final effluent of BAF system met the national standard.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a fully automated photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) pilot unit is presented and evaluated (at different operating process parameters and real treatment conditions) for degradation of the pharmaceutical diclofenac (DCF), a typical recalcitrant micropollutant.
59 citations
TL;DR: The concept of an aerated submerged fixed bed bioreactor, capable of removing estrogens in a sustainable and biological way, shows great potential as an effluent polishing step for existing WWTPs.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) tend to partially remove recalcitrant chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals. Among these, the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is of great environmental concern. In this work a continuously aerated submerged fixed bed bioreactor was used for the biological removal of EE2 at µg L−1 levels.
RESULTS: Removal efficiencies higher than 96% were obtained at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 4.3 days and a volumetric loading rate (Bv) of 11 µg EE2 L−1 d−1. Increasing the Bv up to 40 and 143 µg EE2 L−1 d−1 led to slightly lower removal efficiencies, 81 and 74%, respectively. Nitrification was confirmed to be the main biological mechanism involved in EE2 removal. Most interestingly, the elimination of EE2 was not affected by the absence of ammonium in the feed, suggesting that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were able to maintain their population density and their activity, even after several months of starvation.
CONCLUSION: The concept of an aerated submerged fixed bed bioreactor, capable of removing estrogens in a sustainable and biological way, shows great potential as an effluent polishing step for existing WWTPs. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
59 citations
TL;DR: In this article, different bioreactors with diverse mixing methods, batch and continuous modes, and a range of hydraulic retention time (HRT) were investigated to determine the optimum operating conditions.
59 citations
TL;DR: Nitrifiers present in the microalgae-bacteria consortia increased the ammonium removal and the activity of the nitrifiers did not negatively affect the nitrogen uptake by algae, but improved the total ammonium Removal rate of FPR1.
59 citations