Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1970"

Lubricating oil additives

Abstract: HYDROCARBON POLYAMINES ARE PROVIDED HAVING A LONG, SUBSTANTIALLY ALIPHATIC, OIL SOLUBILIZING HYDROCARBON CHAIN BONDED TO A DI- OR HIGHER POLYAMINE WHICH FIND USE AS DETERGENTS AND DISPERSANTS IN BOTH LUBRICATING OILS AND IN FUELS. THE HYDROCARBON GROUP IS NORMALLY BRANCHED AND DERIVED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR POLYOLEFINS.

Aromatic hydrocarbon separation by adsorption

Abstract: An improved adsorptive separation process for the separating of at least one C8 aromatic hydrocarbon from a hydrocarbon feed containing a mixture of C8 aromatic hydrocarbons which process employs a crystalline aluminosilicate adsorbent to selectively adsorb one C8 aromatic from the feed. The improvement basically comprises employing a desorbent containing para-diethylbenzene to increase the selectivity of crystalline aluminosilicate for a given feed aromatic and thereby allowing a more efficient separation with a higher purity extract stream recovered from the process.

NMR and IR investigation of the conditions determining the stability of microemulsions

Abstract: By considering the so-called microemulsions as hydrocarbons dissolved in the homogeneous alcoholic phase, L2, present in the systems water-surface-active substance-alcohol the phase equilibria and NMR spectra of the micellar solutions can be interpreted in the following way. The presence of the dissolved hydrocarbon in the hydrocarbon part of the micellar solution enhances the solubilization of water in the micelles owing to changes of the packing conditions of the soap and alcohol hydrocarbon chains. At very high concentrations of hydrocarbon the solubilization of water is strongly reduced owing to the transport of alcohol from the micelles into the hydrocarbon part of the solution.

An Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the High-Temperature Oxidation Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Fuels

Abstract: An experimental and analytical investigation of the oxidation of methane and ethane behind shock waves has been carried out. Mixtures of methane/oxygen and ethane/oxygen dilute in argon were shock-heated by both incident and reflected waves. The progress of the reaction was followed by monitoring infrared emission from CO2, CO and H2O and the density gradient. The experimental data were expressed in terms of reaction times which were correlated with initial fuel and oxygen concentrations and temperature. To determine oxidation mechanisms for methane and ethane, measured reaction times were compared with calculated reaction times obtained from an analytical study of the two reactions. In the analytical study the time rates of change of species concentration and thermodynamic properties during reaction were calculated by numerically integrating the coupled reaction kinetic, state and gas dynamic equations. A 14-step mechanism for the high-temperature oxidation of methane was suggested which gave go...

Cationic unsaturated amine-functional silane coupling agents

Abstract: ORGANOSILICON COMPOUNDS OF THE FORMULA (*SI-Q-N(+)(-R''M)-Z-C(-R")=CH2) Y(-) IN WHICH Q IS A DIAVALENT HYDROCARBON RADICAL OR A DIVALENT HYDROCARBON RADICAL CONTAINING OXYGEN IN THE FORM OF -CO-C-, -COO-C-, -CO-, OR >C(-OH)- GROUPS OR NITROGEN IN THE FORM OF >N-R" GROUPS, Z IS A DIVALENT ORGANIC RADICAL HAVING A DOUBLE BOND CONJUGATED WITH THE -C(-R")=CH2 AS COUPLING AGENTS FOR PROMOTING THE ADHESION OF ORGANIC POLYMERS TO SOLID INORGANIC SURFACES. CH=C(-CH3)-CH=CH2) BR(-) ((C3H7-O)3-SI-(CH2)2-(1,4-PHENYLENE)-N(+)(-CH3)2-CH2- MOIETY, Z BEING BONDED TO THE NITROGEN ATOM BY A C-N BOND, R'' IS INDEPENDENTLY SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM, LOWER ALKYL RADICAL ORR A HETEROCYCLIC ORGANIC COMPOUND CONTAINING THE NITROGEN ATOM AS A RING MEMBER, M IS AN INTEGGER OF 1 ORR 2, R" IS THE HYDROGEN ATOM OR A LOWER ALKYL RADICAL, AND Y IS AN ACID ANION, ARE DISCLOSED. THE COMPOUNDS, FOR EXAMPLE

Addition of ethane to slowly reacting mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen at 500°C

Abstract: Addition of traces of hydrocarbons to slowly reacting mixtures of H2+ O2 at 500°C can give information first on the reactions of H and OH with the hydrocarbon, and secondly, on the subsequent reactions of the alkyl radical produced. By combining with lower temperature studies, a value of k(OH + C2H6)= 8.7 × 1010 exp(–3520/RT) in 1. mol s, cal units, is obtained. The value obtained for H + C2H6 agrees closely with previous estimates. The analysis of reaction products indicates that 96 ± 2 % of C2H5 radicals react with O2 to give C2H4, and that only very small amounts of CH3CHO and C2H4O are produced. From these relative yields, the overall velocity constants for formation of CH3CHO and C2H4O can be obtained.

Process for the preparation of 1,2-polybutadiene

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 1,2-POLYBUTADIENE WHICH COMPRISES POLYMERIZING 1,3-BUTADIENE IN THE LIQUID PHASE IN THE PRESENCE OF A CATALYST COMPOSITION COMPOSED OF: (A) A COBALT COMPOUND, (B) AN ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUND OF THE FORMULA, AIR3, IN WHICH R IS A HYDROCARBON RADICAL OF 1 TO 6 CARBON ATOMS, AND (C) CARBON DISULFIDE, AND OPTIONALLY (D) A NITRILE COMPOUND OF THE FORMULA, R(CN)N IN WHICH R IS AN ALKYL OF 1 TO 10 CARBON ATOMS, AN ARALKYL OF 7 TO 10 CARBON ATOMS, OR AN ARYL OF 6 TO 12 CARBON ATOMS, AND N IS 1 OR 2. SYNDIOTACTIC 1,2-POLYBUTADIENE OBTAINED FROM SUCH PROCESS HAS AN INTRINSIC VISCOSITY (N) MEASURED IN 135*C. TETRALIN OF AT LEAST 0.3, AND A MELTING POINT MEASURED WITH DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER OF AT LEAST 200*C.

Fluorided composite alumina catalysts

Abstract: A method for preparing a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst by providing a composite composed of alumina having associated therewith a Group VIB or VIII metal or compound and contacting the composite with an activator system comprising hydrogen and an organic fluoride compound having from two to 16 carbon atoms The catalysts so prepared are useful in such hydrocarbon conversion processes as isomerization, hydrocracking, reforming, alkylation, disproportionation, polymerization and hydrogenation

Addition of C3H8, n- and i-C4H10 to slowly reacting mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen at 480°C

Abstract: The relative rates of consumption of hydrocarbon and H2 have been determined when small amounts of C3H8, n- and i-C4H10 have been added to slowly reacting mixtures of H2+ O2 in aged boric-acid-coated vessels at 480°C. Interpretation of the results enables the velocity constants for attack of H and OH on RH to be determined at 480°C, and these values have been combined with measurements at lower temperatures to give overall Arrhenius' parameters. For C2H6 and these three hydrocarbons, the velocity constants appear to be additive, and Arrhenius parameters per C—H bond for attack at primary, secondary and tertiary positions have been obtained. Upper limits for the velocity constants for HO2 attack have also been estimated.

Hydrocarbon conversion process

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are converted in the presence of catalysts comprising at least a catalytic amount of a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite thermally activated by heating to a temperature in excess of about 900o F in a period not substantially in excess of about 30 minutes Such catalysts can comprise other active hydrocarbon conversion components such as the metals, oxides and sulfides of Groups II-B, IV-B, V-B, VI-B and VIII These compositions are particularly effective for catalytic cracking, hydrorefining, hydrogenation, hydrocracking, isomerization and the like

Composite hydrocarbon refinery apparatus and process arrangement

Abstract: A HIGHLY INTEGRATED CRUDE OIL REFINERY ARRANGEMENT FOR PRODUCING FUEL AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, INVOLVING CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION MEANS, HYDROCRACKING MEANS, DELAYED COKING MEANS, REFORMING MEANS, ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE PRODUCING MEANS COMPRISING A PYROLYSIS STEAM CRACKING UNIT AND A PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS SEPARATION UNIT, CATALYTIC CRACKING MEANS, AROMATIC PRODUCT RECOVERY MEANS, BUTADIENE RECOVERY MEANS AND ALKYLATION MEANS IN A HIGHLY FLEXIBLE, CLOSELY CONTROLLED AND INTER-RELATED SYSTEM TO PRODUCE A HIGH CONVERSION OF CRUDE OIL TO CHEMICALS OF AS HIGH AS ABOUT 50% AND A CONVERSION OF CRUDE OIL TO GASOLINE AND JET FUEL AS LOW AS ABOUT 50% FOR A MAXIMUM VALUE COMBINATION OF WIDELY VARIED PRODUCTS.

Hydrogenation treatment of hydrocarbon oil

Abstract: Hydrogenation treatments of hydrocarbon oil is carried out in a catalyst-charged reaction vessel into the lower portion of which is fed a flow of a mixture of hydrocarbon oil and hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gas. The supply velocity of the mixture is adjusted so that catalyst particles in the catalyst layer do not fluidize. At the lower portion of the reaction vessel is provided an appropriate catalyst-withdrawing means by which deactivated catalyst particles are withdrawn during reaction.

Catalyst for hydrocarbon conversion

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of preparing a catalyst useful in hydrocarbon conversion such as alkylation and polymerization. More particularly, this invention relates to the polymerization of polymerizable hydrocarbons e.g. propylene and the alkylation of alkylatable hydrocarbons e.g. benzene in the presence of an alumina catalyst activated with an organic species having at least two carbon atoms per molecule, and chlorine or bromine in suitable proportions, or with a mixture of multicarbon activators and chlorine and bromine.

The use of coals as indicators of the occurrence of oil and gas

Abstract: Petroleum hydrocarbons are not normal constituents of recent sediments but only appear when a certain stage of diagenesis is reached, through deeper burial. An investigation of the mechanism of formation of oil and gas has shown that an indication of the generation of oil in a sedimentary basin can be obtained by an examination of coals or coaly material encountered during drilling. Coals form a continuous diagenetic and metamorphic series beginning with peat and ending with graphite. Peat and brown coal contain the same type of hydrocarbons as are present in land plants but the composition of coal hydrocarbons changes abruptly in the sub-bituminous to high-volatile bituminous coal range. This is because petroleum-type hydrocarbons are formed at this stage from precursors which are components of waxy leaf cuticles, pollen and spore coatings, by chemical reactions in which oxygen groups are removed from long-chain acids, alcohols and ester waxes. Most Australian oil occurrences are associated with coal-bearing sediments and it appears likely that they are formed at the same stage of alteration, from such land plant residues, finely disseminated in shales and siltstones. The diagenetic changes in coal composition are caused by the increasing temperature accompanying deeper burial, and the composition of a coal, whatever its present depth, is an indication of the maximum temperature to which it has been subjected. The determination of carbon content, reflectivity and other properties of coal samples provided by a number of oil companies, together with laboratory experiments in which petroleum-type hydrocarbons were generated by artificial diagenesis of coal components, indicated that hydrocarbon generation takes place only when the carbon content of the coals approaches 80 percent. In sedimentary basins in Australia the petroleum generation zone occurs at depths varying from 5,500 to greater than 11,000ft., depending upon present or past geothermal gradient. In addition to this lower limit of diagenesis, it has long been maintained that a relation exists (the Carbon Ratio theory) between the likely occurrence of oil and gas reservoirs in a sedimentary basin and the degree of metamorphism of coal if present. The theory sets an upper limit of alteration of organic matter, and states that oil reservoirs are unlikely to occur in areas or at depths in a basin where the 'fixed-carbon' of the coals is greater than about 65 percent (equivalent to a coal of about 85 percent total carbon — dry, mineral-matter free). The Gid-gealpa-Moomba area appears to be a part of the Cooper Basin in which the organic matter is close to this upper limit of metamorphism. The carbon content of the coal at Gidgealpa, associated with gas and light hydrocarbons, is 85-86 percent whereas that at Moomba, associated with dry gas, is higher at approximately 89 percent. Ihus the properties of coal samples encountered during drilling can provide valuable clues for the petroleum geologist in the search for further oil and gas reserves.

Hydrocarbon reactivities in the atmospheric photooxidation of nitric oxide

Abstract: VARIOUS CONTROL METHODS FOR AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES NOW CAN BE EVALUATED RELIABLY BY USING THE METHOD BY HYDROCARBON REACTIVITIES. THE TOTAL REACTIVITY OF THE COMPLEX HYDROCARBON MIXTURE CALLED GASOLINE CAN NOW BE PREDICTED ON SUCH REACTIVITIES DATA, WHICH IS BASED ON NITRIC OXIDE PHOTOOXIDATION RATES. RATES ARE MEASURED FOR VARIOUS BINARY AND SEVERAL QUATERNARY HYDROCARBON MIXTURES. /AUTHOR/ /AUTHOR/

Reactivation of deactivated zeolite catalysts

Abstract: CRYSTALLINE ALUMINOSILICATE CATALYSTS CHARACTERIZED BY A SILICA TO ALUMINA MOLE RATIO OF GREATER THAN ABOUT 6 AND A PORE SIZE RANGING FROM ABOUT 5 TO ABOUT 13 ANGSTROM UNITS LOSE THEIR ACTIVITY AFTER CONSIDERABLE USE IN HYDROCARBON CONVERSION REACTIONS AND ARE REGENERATED BY CONTACT, UNDER PARTICULARLY DEFINED CONDITIONS, WITH A SOURCE OF HYDROGEN IONS OR HYDROGEN ION PRECURSORS.

Heats of Preferential Adsorption of Boundary Additives at Iron Oxide/Liquid Hydrocarbon Interfaces

Abstract: Studies of preferential adsorption of several polar compounds from dilute solutions in n-heptane and n-hexadecane onto iron and iron oxides have been carried out using the flow microcalorimeter. The polar compounds studied included normal alcohols and carboxylic acids with alkyl chains ranging from 4 to 18 carbon atoms and a surface active material extracted from a mineral oil. The heats of adsorption suggest that on several iron oxides the long-chain compounds form adsorbed films composed of vertically oriented molecules, not always close-packed. The orientation of adsorbed molecules appear to differ markedly with the nature of substrate and concentration. Some substrates such as iron oxides, promote vertical orientation of alkyl chains as evidenced by relatively high heats of preferential adsorption. Iron surfaces formed under liquid hydrocarbon in the absence of oxygen possess a relatively low surface energy on which the long-chain molecules are adsorbed with very much less energy than on iron oxides. ...

Hydrocracking and hydrodenitrogenation of shale oil

Abstract: A PROCESS, AND NITROGEN-BEARING BIMETALLIC CATALYST, FOR UPGRADING HEAVY HYDROCARBON OILS BY MEANS OF CATALYTIC HYDROCRACKING AND HYDRODENITROGENATION. HEAVY HYDROCARBON OILS CONTAINING APPARECIBLE QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN, PARTICULARLY SHALE OILS, ARE SUBJECTED TO CATALYTIC HYDROCRACKING IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN AND A CATALYST, PREPARD BY AMMONIA ACTIVATION OF A CATALYST COMPOSITE COMPRISING A MIXTURE OF NONNOBLE METALS DEPOSITED ON A SUITABLE CRACKING BASE, PARTICULARLY A CRYSTALLING ZEOLITE BASE. NITROGEN IS REMOVED WHILE THE OIL IS SELECTIVELY CONVERTED TO LOWER BOILING VALUABLE PRODUCTS.

The photochemically induced reactions of sulfur dioxide with alkanes and carbon monoxide

Abstract: — The gas phase photochemical reactions of SO2 induced by 3130 A radiation have been studied in the presence of added alkanes or added CO. The quantum yields obtained in the reactions with the low molecular weight alkanes employed are lower than those obtained by previous workers. The quantum yields were found to be pressure dependent increasing slowly with increasing pressure. A stoichiometric ratio of one SO2 removed per molecule of hydrocarbon consumed was observed only under experimental conditions of [SO2] < [RH]. For reaction mixtures where [SO2] < [RH] the ratio of [SO2]/[RH] reacted always exceeded unity. The quantum yields decreased slightly with increasing temperature. In all the alkane reaction systems studied, the deposition of viscous, nonvolatile reaction products was observed. In the experiments with added CO, the quantum yields were computed with respect to the rate of CO2 formation. At 25°C and equal pressures of SO2 and CO, φco2 was observed to be 0.005 and it decreased slightly with increasing temperature. The results obtained are interpreted in terms of the sulfoxidation of the alkanes and the oxidation of CO proceeding by way of a 3SO2 reaction intermediate.

Solvation and hydrogenation of coal in partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon solvents

Abstract: Coal is solubilized and hydrogenated in partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon streams such as clarified slurry oil to produce a nonviscous solution which is readily deashed by settling or filtering. Both inorganic sulfur and organically combined sulfur are removed, and the deashed solubilized coal thus produced has a very low sulfur content. The invention is also useful for producing a hydrogenated solubilized coal solution which is suitable for use as a feedstock for a petroleum refinery, and valuable liquid hydrocarbon distillate products boiling, for example, within the gasoline, kerosene, naphtha, light fuel oil and gas oil ranges may be produced therefrom.