Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1972"

Absolute Rate Constants for Hydrocarbon Autoxidation. XXI. Activation Energies for Propagation and the Correlation of Propagation Rate Constants with Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Strengths

Abstract: The rate constants, kp, for the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from a wide variety of organic substrates at 30° have been correlated with the strengths of the C—H bond that are broken, D[R—H] (in u...

Sulfur containing organosilicon compounds

Abstract: 1. A PROCESS OF PREPARIG A COMPOUND HAVING THE FORMULA Z-ALK-SN-ALK-Z, IN WHICH Z IS -SI(-R1)2-R2, -SI(-R2)2-R1, OR -SI(-R2)3 WHEREIN R1 IS ALKYL OF 1 TO 4 CARBON ATOMS OR PHENYL AND R2 IS ALKOXY OF 1 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS, CYCLOALKOXY WITH 5 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS OR ALKYLMERCAPTO WITH 1 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS, ALK IS A DIVALENT HYDROCARBON OF 1 TO 18 CARBON ATOMS AND N IS AN INTEGER OF 2 TO 6 COMPRISING REACTING A COMPOUND OF THE FORMULA Z-ALK-HAL WITH A COMPOUND OF THE FORMULA ME2SN WHERE ME IS AMMONIUM, ALKALI METAL OR AN ALKALINE EARTH METAL AND HAL IS A HALOGEN OF ATOMIC WEIGHT 35 TO 127

Malignant transformation of cells derived from mouse prostate by epoxides and other derivatives of polycyclic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Summary K-region epoxides of benz[a]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and 3-methylcholanthrene have been found to be toxic and more active in producing malignant transformation of cells derived from mouse prostate than their respective parent hydrocarbons and K-region dihydrodiols and phenols. The data support the view that metabolism of these polycyclic hydrocarbons is a prerequisite for their biological activity. 7-Bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene, the K-region epoxide of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, and 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene were either inactive or less active in producing malignant transformation than the parent compounds, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The 8,9-epoxide (non-K-region) of benz[a]anthracene was much less active than the K-region epoxide of this hydrocarbon; and the K-region epoxides of the noncarcinogenic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene and chrysene did not transform the cells.

Degradation and mineralization of petroleum by two bacteria isolated from coastal waters

Abstract: Within the framework of a study on the oil biodegradation potential of the sea the ability of a Flavobacterium sp. and Brevibacterium sp. to metabolize a paraffinic crude oil and a chemically defined hydrocarbon mixture was investigated. Major components of the crude oil were identified by combination gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The rate and extent of total hydrocarbon biodegradation was measured. In addition, CO2 evolution from the crude oil was continuously monitored in a shaker-mounted gas train arrangement. Degradation started after a 2 to 4 day lag period, and reached its maximum within two weeks. At this time up to 60% of the crude oil and 75% of the model hydrocarbon mixture, each added at the level of 1 ml per 100 ml artificial sea water, were degraded. Mineralization(conversion to CO2) was slightly lower due to formation of products and bacterial cell material. n-Paraffins were preferentially degraded as compared to branched chain hydrocarbons. Biodegradation of n-paraffins in the range of C12 to C20 was simultaneous; no diauxie effects were observed.

Clay Minerals and Petroleum-Forming Reactions During Burial and Diagenesis

Abstract: Model experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of montmorillonite as a catalyst in promoting organic reactions of importance in hydrocarbon generation. Montmorillonite catalyst promotes the decarboxylation of fatty acids to form long-chain alkanes. It likewise promotes subsequent cracking of these alkanes to produce shorter chain alkanes with molecular distribution similar to those of petroleum. From kinetic considerations the activation energies for these two model reactions can be estimated at about 36 kcal/mole for decarboxylation and about 46.5 kcal/mole for catalytic cracking of the C21 hydrocarbon. The kinetic models are applied to a natural situation, where the geothermal gradient and rate of subsidence in a sedimentary basin permit consideration of the extent of organic transformation as a function of changing depth (temperature). A geochemical model is proposed which relates, in sequence, alkane production (by decarboxylation), maturation (cracking), and migration (water expulsion during diagenesis). The model postulates depth (temperature) zonation which is qualitatively in agreement with fatty acid and hydrocarbon molecular distributions observed when young and ancient sediments and petroleum are compared.

Catalyst for a n-butane oxidation to maleic anhydride

Abstract: An improved vanadium-phosphorus mixed oxide is prepared by a unique method employing an organic medium. The substantial intrinsic surface area and the microcrystalline structure of the new oxide result in advantageous activity and selectivity effects in the catalyzed vapor phase oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. These oxides are also useful for the production of acid anhydrides from suitable hydrocarbon feeds.

Dynamics of Electrons in Nonpolar Liquids

Abstract: Electrons are produced in several organic liquids by the two‐photon laser photolysis of dilute solutions of anthracene and pyrene in these liquids. The rate constants for reaction of the electron with biphenyl, carbon tetrachloride and oxygen in alkanes have been measured, and are found to be much larger than the values quoted in polar solvents. The rate constants for reaction of the electron with biphenyl increase with the square root of the electron mobility while the corresponding reaction with O2 is independent of the electron mobility. The mobility of the electron in hydrocarbon mixtures follows the exponential of the mole fraction of the hydrocarbon with the higher mobility. Complex behavior is observed in alcohol‐hydrocarbon mixtures, which may be explained in terms of aggregates of alcohol in these mixtures. The data are discussed in terms of the present theories of the state of electrons in liquids.

Separation of organic phosphorus compounds and their metal complexes from organic nitriles in the hydrocyanation of olefins

Abstract: A PROCESS FOR SEPARATING AN ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND SUCH AS A PHOSPHITE OR PHOSPHOKITE OR A ZEROVALENT NICKEL COMPLEX OF THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND FROM A PRODUCT FLUID CONTAINING ORGANIC NITRILES PRODUCED BY HYDROCYANATING AN ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED ORGANIC MONO-NITRILE SUCH AS 3-PENTENENITRILE THROUGH EXTRACTION OF THE PRODUCT FLUID WITH A PARAFFIN OR CYCLOPARAFFIN HYDROCARBON SOLVENT AT A TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 0*C. TO ABOUT 100*C. TO PRODUCE A MULTIPHASE MIXTURE WHEREIN THE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AND THEIR METAL COMPLEXES ARE CONTAINED PREDOMINANTLY IN THE HYDROCARBON PHASE AND THE ORGANIC MONO-AND DINITRILES AND DEGRADATION PRODUCTS ARE CONTAINED IN A SEPARATE PHASE.

Process for the desulfurization of hydrocarbons

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material by oxidizing at least a portion of the sulfur in the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material with an oxidant in the presence of certain catalysts, for example, a molybdenum-containing catalyst. The oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material is further processed by means of a sulfur reducing step to remove sulfur from the hydrocarbon material. A hydrocarbon material having reduced sulfur content is thereafter recovered. The preferred oxidant is tertiary butyl hydroperoxide and the oxidation may occur in the presence of a solvent, preferably tertiary butyl alcohol. The tertiary butyl alcohol, which is removed from the oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material, can be dehydrated to isobutylene and further dimerized to form diisobutylene.

Depths of Oil Origin and Primary Migration: a Review and Critique

Abstract: Vast amounts of geologic and geochemical data bearing on depths of oil origin and primary migration have been published during the past 30 years. Although concepts and understanding have evolved substantially, contrasting views also have been reinforced. Serious obstacles exist to theories of shallow "in-place" origin of reef oil and tar-sand oil. In reefs, environmental conditions would have dissipated and widely disseminated most of the organic matter. In sands, humic material could have accumulated abundantly, but its transformation to enormous quantities of heavy oil under the thin overburden characteristic of most tar-sand diagenesis is difficult to explain chemically. Investigations of a variety of modern sediments demonstrate: (1) sparsity of liquid hydrocarbons and free hydrocarbon precursors; (2) absence or traces only of many hydrocarbon and other bitumen components which are common in ancient rocks and crude oil; (3) dilute occurrence of dissolved organic matter and only traces of liquid hydrocarbons in interstitial waters; and (4) major upward movement of water to the surface, representing a serious loss to proposed shallow primary migration mechanisms. Experimental evidence indicates that effective barriers to mobility of liquid hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon precursors exist in source-type sediments under shallow burial. If hydrocarbons are in oil form, they apparently are immobilized by capillary attraction. In either oil or more finely divided occurrences, hydrocarbons are attracted to the bulk organic matter, which in turn is attracted to clays and other minerals. Hydrocarbon precursors in bitumen are subject to both organic and mineral barriers. At shallow depths, catalytic processes appear inadequate to explain any really significant hydrocarbon formation and primary migration. It is concluded that most crude oil and its constituents resulted from thermocatalytic transformations and primary migration at depths ranging from a few thousand to about 10,000 ft. Chemical alteration of organic matter should be greatly accelerated in the relatively high temperature-pressure regime at these depths. Energy input from heat and pressure should greatly increase the mobility of bitumen constituents formed, including hydrocarbons. Sufficient water should be available as a migration medium where expandable clays are abundant. Clay mineral transformation should release water and organic matter, and improve source-bed drainage. Large amounts of colloid-forming substances would be produced, and gases would be abundant products of organic alterations. Primary migration of liqu d hydrocarbons in colloidal, true-water, and/or gas solution would obviate the high-permeability requirements of migration in the form of oil. Thermal investigations of oil shale and disseminated kerogen show that the heavy nonhydrocarbon part of the bitumen is produced initially, and at higher temperatures the bitumen is altered in part to hydrocarbons. The fact that relatively high temperatures are needed for these transformations, even in the presence of catalysts, argues for rather deep corresponding transformations in the sedimentary section. Bitumen contains colloid-forming fractions which would greatly increase the solubility of hydrocarbons in water. Carboxylated (colloid-forming) organic material is relatively resistant to temperature increase in a water-wet environment, even where catalysts (clays) are present. Hence colloids should remain active to considerable depth. Laboratory experiments indicate that thermocat lytic processes can best explain the origin of liquid normal paraffin hydrocarbons of oil from carboxylated organic matter. Several studies of depth patterns in nonreservoir (source type) rocks of the geologic section reveal that both bitumen and the hydrocarbon component of bitumen increase markedly in the depth range of a few thousand to several thousand feet. The increase in hydrocarbon abundance is particularly impressive. In some examples, a zone of sharply decreasing bitumen and hydrocarbon occurrence has been observed directly below the zone of abundance, indicating that primary migration has evidently taken place. Much primary migration apparently is related to stages of "dehydration" of expanded clay minerals, the most important stage being temperature-dependent. Coordinated studies of geology, geochemistry, and oil occurrence, particularly in the Soviet Union and northwestern Germany, support major origin-primary migration episodes at depths of a few thousand to several thousand feet or more. They also suggest continuous or recurrent primary migration through rather long time and broad depth intervals. Ultra-deep origin of mobile oil, and upward migration through thousands of feet of shale are shown to be very unlikely. In examples such as the South Sumatra, Los Angeles, and Ventura basins, where the ultra-deep concept has been applied, the data can be explained better by primary migration at intermediate depths.

Bacteria which attack petroleum hydrocarbons in a saline medium.

Abstract: Bacterial strains were isolated from California coastal areas which showed the ability to oxidize normal paraffins, iso-paraffins, and aromatic hydrocarbons in a synthetic seawater medium. The ability to utilize a particular hydrocarbon was established not only on the basis of visible bacterial growth but also through a chromatographic technique which was standardized and which could define the amount of each hydrocarbon consumed by the bacteria in a mixture. Some of the strains exhibited vigorous hydrocarbon oxidation when exposed to synthetic mixtures of hydrocarbons as well as crude oil. Under conditions of aeration and agitation, mixed cultures could destroy approximately 50% of a South Louisiana crude oil in a period of 48 hr.

Hydrocarbon conversion process

Abstract: A process wherein a hydrocarbon feedstream comprising heavy hydrocarbons is simultaneously coked, partially desulfurized, hydrogenated, cracked and partially converted to a hydrogencontaining gas in the presence of an alkali metal containing catalyst

Analysis of whole beeswax by gas liquid chromatography

Abstract: Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of unfractionated beeswax (treated with diazomethane) using Dexsil 300 as liquid phase gives a good separation of hydrocarbons, free fatty acids as methyl esters, and long chain monoesters. These components can be estimated using internal standards and together account for ca. 65% of the wax. Petroleum hydrocarbon or fatty acid adulterants can be detected. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are partially resolved from the corresponding saturated compounds.

Alkylation of hydrocarbons with olefins in the presence of an acid catalyst

Abstract: FOR ALKYLATING AN AROMATIC OR ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON WITH AN OLEFIN, THERE ARE EMPLOYED LIQUID CATALYST COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING, OPTIONALLY IN AN INERT HYDROCARBON SOLVENT, A LEWIS ACID OR BRONSTED ACID AND A SULFONE OF FORMULA R-SO2-R'', WHEREIN R AND R'' ARE EACH SEPARATELY A MONOVALENT RADICALS CONTAINING FROM 1 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS OR FORM TOGETHER A DIVALENT RADICAL HAVING FROM 3 TO 12 CARBON ATOMS, THE ACID CONCENTRATION BEING AT LEAST 10-5 MOLES PER LITER OF SULFONE AND AT MOST THE SATURATION CONCENTRATION WITHOUT EXCEEDING 5 MOLES PER LITER OF SULFONE.

Effect of organic solvents on the properties of the complexes of DNA with proflavine and similar compounds.

Abstract: In order to obtain information on the binding forces involved in the formation of the complex proflavine–DNA by the stronger process I, the stability of the complexes was investigated in the presence of various organic solvents, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, p-dioxane, glycerol, and ethylene glycol. Quantitative data on binding in terms of K/n and r were obtained by means of absorption and fluorescence spectra, as well as by a thermal denaturation technique. All organic solvents used decrease the binding ability of the dye. The effectiveness of the solvents increases with their hydrocarbon content, but can hardly be related to their dielectric constant. The complex formation is effectively suppressed by organic solvent concentrations, in which DNA still preserves its double-helical conformation. These results demonstrate the importance of hydrophobic forces in the formation of the complex proflavine–DNA in aqueous solution. The similarity in spectroscopic properties of proflavine bound to DNA by process I and the same dye dissolved in an organic solvent make it possible to interpret the observed red shift of the long-wavelength absorption peak as being due to the interaction of the dye molecules with the less polar environment. The same behavior was found for other dyes capable of intercalation like purified trypaflavine, phenosafranine and ethidium bromide. However, intercalation is not a necessary condition, as it was shown in the case of pinacyanol, which binds only at the surface of DNA.

Regeneration of a coke-deactivated catalyst comprising a combination of platinum,tin and halogen with a porous carrier material

Abstract: A deactivated hydrocarbon conversion catalyst, which is a combination of catalytically effective amounts of a platinum group component, a tin component and a halogen component with a porous carrier material, which is free of labile sulfur and which has been deactivated by a deposition of carbonaceous material thereon during a previous contacting with a hydrocarbon charge stock at hydrocarbon conversion conditions, is regenerated by the sequential steps of: (1) burning carbon from the deactivated catalyst at a relatively low temperature with a substantially sulfur-free first gaseous mixture containing relatively small amounts of oxygen, H2O and HCl; (2) treating the resulting catalyst at a relatively high temperature with a second gaseous mixture containing O2, H2O and HCl; (3) purging oxygen from contact with the resulting catalyst; and (4) reducing the resulting catalyst by contacting with a substantially sulfur-free third gaseous mixture containing hydrogen and small amounts of H2O and HCl. Key features of the regeneration method involve: the presence of both H2O and HCl in the gaseous mixtures used in the carbon-burning, oxygen-treating and reduction steps; the use of sulfur-free gaseous mixtures in all of these steps; and the careful control of the mole ratio of H2O to HCl employed in each of these gaseous mixtures.

Reduction of nitrogen oxides from products of hydrocarbon combustion with air

Abstract: Fuel is burned in a primary combustion zone so that a substantial quantity of unburned hydrocarbons, such as carbon monoxide (CO) is produced along with some nitrogen oxides (NOx) and whereby essentially no oxygen remains at the completion of the combustion process. The gaseous combustion products are conducted through a gas dispersion matrix or bed in which the unburned hydrocarbons and NOx react to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2). Air is then injected into the gases in a secondary combustion zone to oxidize the residual unburned hydrocarbons to CO2 in which case the exhaust gases are substantially free of air polluting CO and NOx.

Process for re-refining used petroleum products

Abstract: AN ECOLOGICALLY CLEAN PROCESS FOR RECOVERING A VALUABLE LIGHTLY HYDROCARBON FUEL, ONE OR MORE LUBE STOCKS AND AN ASPHALT-LIKE RESIDUE, IS DESCRIBED IN WHICH THE RAW FEED STOCK CONSISTING OF ACCUMULATED USED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IS FIRST HEATED BY INDIRECT HEAT EXCHANGE IN THE PROCESS ITSELT AND THEN SUBJECTED TO A FIRST STAGE STRIPPING OPERATION AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE FROM ABOUT 300 TO 450*F. TO REMOVE THE LIGHT HYDROCARBON, WATER AND VOLATILE CONATMINANTS AS AN OVERHEAD AND LEAVING A FIRST BOTTOMS, HEATING THE FIRST BOTTOMS FURTHER AND SUBJECTING IT TO ONE ORE MORE ADDITION FLASH DISTILLA- TIONS AT A PRESSURE IN THE RANGE FROM ABOUT 1 TO 40 TORR (MM. HG ABSOLUTE) AT A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE FROM ABOUT 590 TO ABOUT 750*F. TO SEPARATE ONE OR MORE LUBR OIL PRODUCTS AND LEAVE AN ASPHALT-LIKE RESIDUE. THE LIGHT HYDROCARBON PRODUCT MAU BE USED IN THE PROCESS AS FUEL OR SOLD. THE STRIPPED CONTAMINATED WATER IS RECYCLED FOR COOLING PRUPOSES AND EITHER PERIODICALLY INCINERATED, OR A BLEED STREAM IS TAKEN OFF AND CONTINOUSLY INCINERATED TO CONVERT THE CONTAMINANTS TO INNOCOUS FLUE GASES.

Catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon chlorides to hydrogen chloride and hydrocarbons

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the conversion of hydrocarbon chlorides in the presence of hydrogen to hydrocarbons and hydrogen chloride wherein the process takes place in the gaseous phase and in the presence of rhodium-containing catalysts.

Stable hydrocarbon solutions of aluminum hydride

Abstract: Preparation of stable solutions of aluminum hydride in liquid hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene by a one-step reaction between, for instance, 1 mole of aluminum chloride with 3 moles of lithium hydride in said liquid hydrocarbon medium and in the presence of a weak ether base such as dimethyl ether, an aliphatic tertiary amine such as trimethylamine being added.

Method of regenerating a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst to minimize carbon monoxide in regenerator effluent

Abstract: DESCRIBES THE REGENERATION OF A HYDROCARBON CONVERSION CATALYST IN THE PRESENCE OF A CARBON MONOXIDE OXIDATION CATALYST OF LARGER PARTICLE SIZE RETAINED IN THE REGENERATION ZONE.

Hydrocracking process for converting heavy hydrocarbon into low sulfur gasoline

Abstract: A hydrocracking process wherein heavy hydrocarbon oils having from about 10 to 50 percent boiling above 1,000*F. and containing appreciable amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, and metal-containing compounds as well as asphaltenes are converted into a minor fraction of low sulfur residual fuel oil and a major fraction of low sulfur gasoline. The process comprises hydrocracking the heavy oil with molecular hydrogen, at a temperature of about 700*-850*F. in the presence of a sulfur and nitrogen resistant hydrocracking catalyst comprising a hydrogenating component supported upon an amorphous inorganic oxide cracking base to convert the heavy hydrocarbon oil into a gas-oil fraction and a low sulfur residual fraction; separating the gas-oil fraction from the residual fraction; hydrocracking the gas-oil fraction with molecular hydrogen, at a temperature of 700*-780*F., in the presence of a sulfur and nitrogen resistant hydrocracking catalyst comprising a hydrogenation component supported upon a cation exchanged crystalline silica-alumina zeolitic molecular sieve cracking base to yield low sulfur, low nitrogen gasoline.

Degradable hydrocarbon polymers

Abstract: A degradable composition is made from a polymer of a mono olefin having 2--3 carbon atoms or styrene and an additive comprising (1) a derivative of an organic compound of a metal which has at least two valence states and (2) a benzoyl derivative of an organic compound or a triazole.