Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1974"

Process for the manufacture of gasoline

Abstract: Synthesis gas comprising a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is derived from fossil fuels and catalytically converted in a first reaction zone to a mixture of methanol and dimethyl ether which in turn is converted in a separate reaction zone in contact with a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index of about 1 to 12, and preferably a crystal density in the hydrogen form of not substantially below about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter to a product which is resolved into a high octane gasoline fraction, a light hydrocarbon gas fraction which may be liquefied and a hydrogen-rich gaseous by-product which is recycled to the conversion of fossil fuels to synthesis gas or may be otherwise used.

Empirical Correlation Between Hydrophobic Free Energy and Aqueous Cavity Surface Area

Abstract: The unitary free energy of transfer of a hydrocarbon molecule from a hydrocarbon solvent to an aqueous medium is a measure of the hydrophobic interaction in the aqueous medium. We have reexamined available data on this phenomenon and have confirmed that the free energy for saturated hydrocarbons is proportional to the surface area of the cavity created by the solute in the aqueous solution, with the same proportionality constant for linear, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbon molecules. The numerical value of the proportionality constant is uncertain because absolute and self-consistent area measurements are not available. We estimate that it falls between 20 and 25 cal/mole per A2 at 25° (for areas measured at the distance of closest approach of water molecules), which is significantly less than the figure of 33 cal/mole per A2 that has been assigned to the same parameter by Hermann [J. Phys. Chem. 76, 2754-2759 (1972)]. A small discrepancy exists when similar data for homologous series of alkyl derivatives are compared with results based on hydrocarbons themselves, and possible reasons for it are discussed.

Process for upgrading a hydrocarbon fraction

Abstract: A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon fraction and for generating hydrogen in situ by contacting the hydrocarbon fraction with a dense-water-containing fluid at a temperature in the range of from about 600° to about 900°F. in the absence of externally supplied hydrogen and of pretreatment of the hydrocarbon fraction and in the presence of a catalyst system containing a sulfur- and nitrogen-resistant catalyst.

Process for the production of polymeric hydrocarbons having reactive silyl end groups

Abstract: Polymeric hydrocarbons having reactive silyl end groups are produced by conducting a catalyzed ring opening polymerization of a cyclic olefin in the presence of, or reacting with a polymeric hydrocarbon having an unsubstituted non-conjugated ethylenic double bond in a polymer unit thereof, an organic silicon compound having at least one nonconjugated unsubstituted double bond or a polymeric hydrocarbon having a non-conjugated unsubstituted terminal double bond, with an organic silicon compound having at least one organic group, bound to the silicon atom by a carbon-silicon bond, which contains at least one unsubstituted, non-conjugated acyclic double bond and having at least one silicon atom bearing, via a carbon-silicon bond, at least one substituent which is readily removable by hydrolysis.

Carbon containing molecular sieves

Abstract: Process for preparing carbon containing molecular sieves adapted for separating small molecular gases in particular oxygen from nitrogen which comprises treating coke having a content of volatile components of up to 5% at 600°-900°C with a hydrocarbon splitting off carbon whereby the split-off carbon is deposited in the carbon framework of the coke under narrowing of the existing pores.

Coulombic interactions in crystalline hydrocarbons

Abstract: Coulombic intermolecular interactions in crystalline hydrocarbons were studied by means of molecular packing analysis. A C-H charge separation parameter of 0.36 e was found by analysis of nine aromatic and nine saturated hydrocarbon crystal structures. When coulombic point charges were included in the non-bonded potential model it was found that the geometric-mean combining law held for C. . .H repulsions. The calculated coulombic energy of the hydrocarbons studied ranged from a negligible amount for n-hexane to a maximum contribution of 29% of the total lattice energy for crystalline benzene.

Solubilities of gases in high‐boiling hydrocarbon solvents

Abstract: Low-pressure solubilities of methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, and hydrogen have been measured in n-hexadecane, n-eicosane, squalane, bicyclohexyl, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, diphenylmethane, and 1-methylnaphthalene over the temperature range 25/sup 0/ to 200/sup 0/C. The accuracy of these measurements is better than 1%. The data for the hydrocarbon gases have been correlated with a generalized configurational entropy and a van Laar-type interaction parameter. The entropic component of that parameter is related to the free volume of the solvent as suggested by Flory's equation-of-state theory of fluid mixtures. The accuracy of the correlation is about + 15%. (18 refs.)

Microbial petroleum degradation: use of mixed hydrocarbon substrates

Abstract: Methods of examining hydrocarbons to estimate the microbial degradation of petroleum are compared. Gas-liquid chromatography with a mixed hydrocarbon substrate has been shown to be useful in evaluating microbial potential for degradation of a number of hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon Generation in Gulf Coast Tertiary Sediments

Abstract: Organic detritus deposited in sediments is composed principally of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and has the potential for the generation of hydrocarbons. At the time of deposition, only small amounts of hydrocarbons are present. The type and quantity of hydrocarbons eventually generated depend largely on the hydrogen content of the kerogen. With increased burial, disseminated sedimentary organic matter undergoes carbonization by processes very similar to the thermochemical reactions causing coalification. Carbonization is a thermal process marked by the generation of volatiles relatively rich in oxygen and hydrogen and by the formation of a kerogen residue increasingly enriched in carbon. The most significant oxygen-rich volatile is carbon dioxide, and the most significant hydrogen-rich volatiles are hydrocarbons. By measuring changes in the elemental composition of the kerogen as a function of depth, the principal volatile products of the carbonization reactions can be determined. Data from Oligocene and younger Cenozoic samples from the Louisiana Gulf Coast indicate that carbon dioxide is the principal volatile product of the early stage of carbonization and that hydrocarbons are not significant products until the later stages. The amounts of hydrocarbons generated during kerogen carbonization are vast compared to those formed by any other natural source or process. The data indicate that carbonization or, more specifically, hydrocarbon generation is a rate-controlled process which follows the principles of chemical kinetics. That is, the younger the sediment, the higher the temperature required to reach the level of carbonization associated with hydrocarbon generation. For example, significant hydrocarbon generation occurs in the Oligocene at a temperature of 170°F (77°C), in the lower Miocene at a temperature of 186°F (86°C), and in the upper Miocene at a temperature of 205°F (96°C). Higher temperatures are required for significant hydrocarbon generation in post-Miocene sediment. These results support the conclusions of earlier research geochemists that kerogen with relatively low hydrogen contents, e.g., similar to percentages found in coals, is restricted principally to gas generation during carbonization. Thus, the relatively low hydrogen content in kerogen from selected Louisiana wells suggests that the sections penetrated are better sources for gas than for oil.

Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Plasma Polymerization of Ethylene.

Abstract: Ehylene can be polymerized at low pressures in a radio-frequency glow discharge. The form of the resulting polymer may be a powder at low pressure (1 to 2 Torr) and low monomer feed rate (10 to 40 cc/min), a colorless film at low pressure and high feed rate (70 to 90 cc/min), or an oil at high pressure (4 to 5 Torr) and high feed rate. The powder and film forms of plasma-polymerized ethylene are insoluble in common organic solvents, indicating a highly cross-linked structure. The oily products, however, are soluble in acetone and xylene. Chemical evidence indicates that the oil is most likely composed of highly branched oligomers of ethylene. Mass spectrometric analysis of the gaseous effluents show that under film-forming conditions the only hydrocarbon species observable are those derived from ethylene. The powder- and oil-forming conditions, on the other hand, yielded oligomeric species. On the basis of this evidence, a mechanism for the plasma-polymerization of ethylene is proposed.

A Method of Measuring the Solubilities of Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Solutions.

Abstract: An apparatus is described which measures the equilibrium distribution of a hydrocarbon between a gas phase and a liquid water phase. The method involves a multiple equilibration procedure which requires the analysis of only the gas phase. Gas-liquid chromatography was used for the hydrocarbon analysis because of its high sensitivity and selectivity. Supplemented by vapor pressure data, the observed distribution can be used to calculate the solubility of the hydrocarbon in the liquid phase. This was done for benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene in distilled water over the temperature range 5 to 20 °C and in an artificial seawater over the temperature range 0 to 20 °C. The various factors affecting the accuracy of the results are discussed in detail.

Process for "sulfur reduction of an oxidized hydrocarbon by forming a metal-sulfur-containing compound"

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of hydrocarbon material by oxidizing the sulfur impurities contained in the hydrocarbon material, contacting the oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material with at least one of certain metal containing components at conditions to form a metal, sulfur-containing compound and recovering a hydrocarbon material of reduced sulfur content.

Foam forming composition

Abstract: A foam forming composition consisting of a mixture of a hydrocarbon and/or a lipophilic hydrocarbon derivative, water, a liquified propellant and a surface active agent or mixture of such agents in such proportions as to obtain a mesomorphic phase, the surface active agent or agents being soluble in the water and the hydrocarbon and/or the lipophilic hydrocarbon derivative.

Method and apparatus for determining the concentration of one gaseous component in a mixture of gases

Abstract: The concentration of one or more gaseous components of a mixture of gases is determined using a metallic oxide semiconductor the electrical resistance of which changes in the presence of reducing gases. The speed of reaction, relative to the speed of sorption and desorption, of different gases with the semiconductor varies at different temperatures. Since the speed of reaction of a hydrocarbon is substantially lower at certain temperatures than the speed of reaction of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide can be indicated at those temperatures while, the variation in resistance determined by hydrocarbons is negligibly small.

Conversion of alcohols and/or ethers to hydrocarbons

Abstract: Conversion of lower alcohols or their corresponding ethers or halides alone or in admixture to conjunct mixtures of hydrocarbon products by catalyzing the conversion with a molten salt bath of zinc chloride with or without potassium chloride with cofed hydrogen.

Compositions containing silica, a phenoplast or an aminoplast, and a silane

Abstract: Silica containing mixtures for the improvement of the adhesion of vulcanizable mixtures of natural and/or synthetic rubber to reinforcing fillers or supports of textile and/or metallic fabrics after the vulcanization are prepared that substantially consist of (A) active synthetically produced silica or silicates having a specific surface area according to the BET procedure of about 50 to 500 m 2 /g and an average primary particle size of from about 5 to 100 and at least one of (B) phenolic resin or aminoplast forming components, namely on the one hand phenols and/or amines and on the other hand aldehydes or aldehyde donors, and/or at least (C) one organosilane which can be a bisalkoxysilylalkyl-oligosulfide of the formula I. z-alk-S n -Alk-Z, in which Z stands for the group ##EQU1## in which R 1 is an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or the phenyl group and R 2 is an alkoxy group with 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group with 5 to 8 carbon atoms or a straight or branched chain alkylmercapto group with 1 to 8 carbon atoms and wherein all the R 1 and R 2 groups can be the same or different. Alk is a divalent hydrocarbon group with 1 to 8 carbon atoms. It can be straight or branched chain and can be a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group or a cyclic hydrocarbon group. Preferably Alk has 1 to 6, most preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms and n is a number of 2 to 6, especially 2, 3 or 4, most preferably 4. The organosilane can be a mercapto group containing silane of the formula Ii. z-alk-SH in which Z and Alk areas are defined as in formula I, or the organosilane can have the general formula Iii. z-alk-A wherein Z and Alk are as defined in formula I and A is the group A. N.tbd.C-S-, b. R-S-, c. RO-CS-S-, d. RS-CS-S-, or E. R 3 S-CS-S- Where R and R 3 are monovalent organic groups, including hydrocarbon groups, saturated or unsaturated, branched or straight chain, acyclic, cyclic, heterocyclic or heteroaromatic group with 1 to 15 carbon atoms and 1 to 5 heteroatoms from the group of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and in formula III(e) R 3 can be ##EQU2## wherein R 4 and R 5 are the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, benzyl, cycloalkyl with 5 to 7 carbon atoms or both together with the nitrogen atom form a ring having 5 to 8 atoms with up to one further nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom. R preferably is hydrocarbon with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, e.g., alkyl or alkenyl or heterocyclic with up to 3 nitrogen atoms.

Selective hydrogenation of aromatics and olefins in hydrocarbon fractions

Abstract: Hydrocarbon fractions boiling between 180° and 600°F. and containing aromatics, olefins, and sulfur and nitrogen compounds are hydrogenated with a platinum-palladium catalyst to reduce the concentration of aromatics and olefins. The catalyst is prepared by saturating a porous inert carrier, preferably alumina, with an aqueous acid solution of chloroplatinic acid and palladium (ous) chloride in a specified mole ratio of platinum to palladium. The saturated carrier is subsequently dried, calcined and reduced.

Powdered cleaning composition of urea-formaldehyde

Abstract: A powdered cleaning composition particularly effective in removing soil from carpets comprising solid polymeric urea-formaldehyde particles of 10 to 105 microns in size and a solvent chosen from water, high boiling hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, C1 to C4 aliphatic alcohols and mixtures of these.

Removal of lead and other suspended solids from used hydrocarbon lubricating oil

Abstract: Lead and other dispersed solids present in used hydrocarbon lubricating oil which also contains water and light hydrocarbon impurities are removed by a process wherein agglomeration of the suspended lead and other solids is induced by heat treatment of the used oil at about 500 to 700*F after flashing off the water and light hydrocarbon material The agglomerated solids are readily separated from the heat treated oil by conventional physical separation techniques such as centrifuging or gravity settling to afford a used oil substantially free, ie, at least 90% lead removal, of lead and other solid contaminants

Method of manufacturing a semipermeable membrane from a water-soluble polymeric resin

Abstract: Ultrathin membranes for separating substances are obtained by exposing shaped articles comprising a water-soluble polymer or a mixture of a water-soluble polymer and water-insoluble polymer to a plasma of a gas selected from helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, a hydrocarbon having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an epoxide having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkylamine, or a mixture of these substances to crosslink the surface layer, and then washing the exposed articles with water to remove the unreacted portions. The membrane exhibits outstanding performance characteristics when used in the processes for separating or concentrating substances, such as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, and the like.

Electrolytic oil purifying method

Abstract: Sulfur is removed from liquid hydrocarbon oils such as crude oil by subjecting a mixture of the oil and an electrolyte to a direct current field at a relatively high current and low voltage for causing oxidation, reduction or other electrochemical reaction of the sulfur or sulfur-containing material enabling ready separation and removal of the sulfur from the oil.