Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1975"

Extraction of hydrocarbons in situ from underground hydrocarbon deposits

Abstract: A method of extracting hydrocarbons in situ from an underground hydrocarbon deposit such as oil shale. A selected part of the deposit is heated by one or more electrical induction coils arranged in a quasi-toroidal configuration to temperatures high enough to drive off hydrocarbon fractions as gases or vapors, which are then collected and utilized in surface operations or recovered for transportation or temporary storage. The deposit may optionally be heated through a coking and cracking stage. Any remaining hydrocarbons may be burned in situ and the combustion gases utilized for energy. Steam may be obtained by injecting water into the heated shale after extraction of the hydrocarbons.

Microbial assimilation of hydrocarbons. I. The fine-structure of a hydrocarbon oxidizing Acinetobacter sp.

Abstract: 1. The fine-structure analysis of the hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganism, Acinetobacter sp., demonstrated a cytoplasmic modification resulting from growth on paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. 2. Intracytoplasmic hydrocarbon inclusions were documented by electron microscopy with chemical identifications obtained by gas chromatography and X-ray diffraction. 3. These results demonstrate the ability of a micro-organism to accumulate hydrocarbon substrates intracellularly which, in turn, indicates transport across the cell membrane.

Carbonium ion as ultimate carcinogen of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: RECENT results have indicated that the proximate metabolites of benzo(α)pyrene1 and benz(α)anthracene2,3, two typical carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons, contain the 1,2-epoxy-3, 4-dihydroxy-tetrahydronaphthalene moiety. This moiety arises from its parent hydrocarbon by formation of an arene oxide, enzymatic ring opening of this oxide to a diol, and then a second epoxidation. As the initially formed arene oxide is opened in a trans fashion4, only two geometrical isomers for the proximate metabolite are possible, and these are depicted as partial structures (I) and (II).

Photopolymerization co-initiator systems

Abstract: A photopolymerization co-initiator system comprises (a) about 1-30 parts of at least one carbonyl-containing compound, (b) about 1-30 parts of an organic compound containing nitrogen, phoshorus, arsenic, bismuth, or antimony, and (c) about 1-30 parts of at least one halogenated hydrocarbon.

Conversion of synthesis gas to aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract: Synthesis gas, a mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted to a product comprising methanol and unreacted carbon monoxide, possibly with hydrogen; the mixture is partially converted by carbonylation to a mixture comprising acetic acid, methanol and methyl acetate; and this mixture is converted to a hydrocarbon product rich in aromatic hydrocarbons by use of a high silica to alumina ratio, limited constraint index, zeolite such as a ZSM-5 zeolite.

Two-stage hydrodesulfurization of oil utilizing a narrow pore size distribution catalyst

Abstract: A two-stage hydrotreating process is provided in which a heavy hydrocarbon feed is treated with hydrogen and a small pore catalyst in a first zone and the hydrotreated hydrocarbon product is treated in a second zone with hydrogen and a larger pore catalyst having a specific pore size distribution.

Theory of hydrophobic bonding. III. Method for the calculation of the hydrophobic interaction based on liquid state perturbation theory and a simple liquid model

Abstract: In a previous paper, the solubility of liquid hydrocarbons at a pressure of 1 atm in water was correlated with the surface area of the solvent cavity that accommodates the hydrocarbon molecule. In this study, the authors calculate the solubility of gaseous hydrocarbons in water and develop a method to calculate the hydrophobic interactions between hydrocarbon molecules and between hydrocarbon side chains of molecules. The method is based on the first-order perturbation theory of liquid mixtures, and uses a computer-calculated solvent cavity surface area to define solute size. (28 refs.)

Freeze-thaw stable, self-inverting, water-in-oil emulsion

Abstract: A freeze-thaw stable, self-inverting, water-in-oil emulsion comprising an aqueous phase of a polymer of acrylamide, a hydrocarbon oil, a water-in-oil emulsifying agent and an inverting surfactant mixture comprising sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate and a sodium bis(C 11 -C 15 alkyl)sulfosuccinate or an ethoxylated octyl or nonyl phenol and a method for the preparation thereof.

Low foaming, biodegradable, nonionic surfactants

Abstract: Low foaming biodegradable, liquid, non-gelling and nonionic surfactants are claimed having the formula: ##EQU1## wherein R is a linear, alkyl hydrocarbon having an average from about 7 to 10 carbon atoms, R' is a linear, alkyl hydrocarbon of about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, R" is a linear, alkyl hydrocarbon of about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, x is an integer of about 1 to about 6, y is an integer of about 4 to about 15 and z is an integer of about 4 to 25.

High HLB latex polymers

Abstract: Stable water-in-oil emulsion of water soluble polymers are disclosed. The emulsions are formed by selecting a suitable continuous phase consisting of an inert hydrocarbon liquid followed by selecting suitable surfactants based on the properties of the organic liquid.

The reduction of nitric oxide in simulated combustion effluents by hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures

Abstract: A study has been made of the chemistry of a gas-phase process for the reduction of nitric oxide in a flowing system of simulated combustion effluents (CO and CO2 in N2, H2O being inert with respect to this reaction). The reductant consists of mixtures of hydrocarbons (e.g., isobutane or gasoline) and carefully controlled amounts of oxygen. The latter brings the rate and nature of the products of the otherwise slow reaction between hydrocarbon and NO close to the requirements of practicability. The reactions were carried out in a ceramic flow reactor at temperatures in the range of approximately 1200°K to 1700°K and with residence times of 50 to several hundred milliseconds. In addition to temperature, the most critical parameters are the molar ratios R1=[HC]/[NO] and R3=[O2]/[HC] where HC is any one of the hydrocarbons used (methane, ethane, isobutane, isobutylene and gasoline). When the fraction of the initial NO remaining, is plotted as a function of R3 (for a given R1), a characteristic minimum is formed, along with a maximum for HCN. Increasing R1 results in greater reduction of NO but tends to increase HCN production. For a ratio of R1=1 at an initial NO concentration of 1000 ppm, total fixed nitrogen (TFN) remaining after reduction (NO+HCN) may range from 10% to 45% of the original concentration at the minimum of the TFN-R3 curve, depending on temperature, residence time and stoichiometry. The HCN can be oxidized to residual NO. Various aspects of the basic chemical mechanism are examined and it is suggested that O2 provides effective reducing free radicals, e.g., CH and CH2, by hydrogen abstraction of the hydrocarbon. They can then reduce NO through reactions typified by the exothermic step, CH+NO=HCO+N.

Gelling agents for hydrocarbon compounds

Abstract: In complete, non-stoichiometric aluminum salts of alkyl orthophosphates, when neutralized with a second basic compound, form pseudo double salts which are capable of gelling hydrocarbons when present in low concentrations. The resulting gelled hydrocarbons are useful in cracking or fracturing treatments of oil wells, and exhibit reduced fluid friction in high shear flow systems.

Process and apparatus for the manufacture of a gas mixture containing acetylene, ethylene, methane and hydrogen, by thermal cracking of liquid hydrocarbons

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of a gas mixture containing acetylene, ethylene, methane and hydrogen by cracking a liquid hydrocarbon by means of a plurality of arcs burning under the surface of the liquid hydrocarbon and limited, in their electrical effect, by current-limiting elements, wherein the total energy acting on the system is distributed by an arrangement of the electrical components, which is responsible for the stability of the arcs, over a plurality of localized burning points, the current-limiting components being matched to the voltage so that the output of each individual arc on average does not exceed 1.2 kW.

Catalyst and method for oxidizing reducing gases

Abstract: A reducing gas, such as, carbon monoxide (CO) or unsaturated hydrocarbons, is oxidized by contacting a mixture of the gas and oxygen with a catalyst or reagent which includes palladium sulfate and ammonium molybdate adsorbed on silica gel. The reducing gas is oxidized by the reagent and simultaneously reduces the reagent from a first oxidation state to a second, with an accompanying color change, which indicates the presence of the reducing gas. If the reducing gas is an unsaturated hydrocarbon it can be converted to an oxygenated hydrocarbon. A salt of a transition metal (such as, copper, iron, or nickel) is included in the reagent so it is oxidized back to the first state (regenerated) by atmospheric oxygen. The catalyst also promotes the synthesis of oxygenated hydrocarbons from the reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons with other hydrocarbons.

Catalysis by group IB metals. Part 1.—Reaction of buta-1,3-diene with hydrogen and with deuterium catalysed by alumina-supported gold

Abstract: The reaction of buta-1,3-diene with hydrogen and deuterium has been studied using gold supported on γ-alumina and a mixed boehmite+γ-alumina in the temperature range 443–533 K. The reaction is completely selective for butene formation and, although both catalysts are active for the hydroisomerisation of but-1-ene at 473 K, they do not catalyse the hydrogenation of n-butenes to n-butane. The kinetics and activation energy have been determined together with the variation in product distributions with hydrogen uptake, initial reactant pressures and temperature. The distribution of deuterium in each of the products has been determined and in the reaction with deuterium the products contain an excess of hydrogen over the expected from hydrogen-deuterium mass balance. Buta-1,3-diene is adsorbed on the surface of the gold and subsequently reacts with hydrogen which migrates from the support to the metal. Two types of hydrogen exist on the alumina support. Type A hydrogen equilibrates with gas phase deuterium, whereas type B hydrogen does not react with gas phase deuterium but interacts with adsorbed hydrocarbon. Values for the sizes of the type A and B hydrogen pools are quoted.

Exchange of alkanes with deuterium over $gamma$-alumina. A Broensted linear free energy relationship

Abstract: The exchange behaviour of a series of alkanes, including cycloalkanes, with deuterium over γ-alumina has been investigated. Different types of hydrogen atoms within the same molecule are found to exchange at different rates and in some cases a quantitative estimate of the relative activities has been made. These results and a comparison of reaction rates of different molecules indicate that the reaction intermediates are carbanionic in character. A linear relation between hydrogen exchange activity and hydrocarbon acidity has been obtained and is shown to be an example of the Bronsted catalysis law.All the exchange reactions took place in a stepwise manner and, for the cycloalkanes, exchange could be followed at lower temperatures without complication from isomerization and addition.

Method for upgrading Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products

Abstract: The products of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis boiling below a separated decant oil fraction are subjected to cooling to a temperature of about 100° F and separation of the cooled product to recover Fischer-Tropsch produced water comprising oxygenates, a normally liquid hydrocarbon phase comprising absorbed oxygenates and a gaseous phase normally comprising a substantial amount of C5 hydrocarbons in combination with lower boiling materials including unreacted synthesis gas and carbon dioxide. Each of said gaseous phase and said normally liquid hydrocarbon phase are thereafter contacted with a selected crystalline zeolite catalyst particularly selective for the formation of gasoline boiling material of high octane.

Conversion of natural gas to gasoline and LPG

Abstract: Natural gas is steam reformed to a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen which mixture is converted, over a methanol synthesis catalyst, to a mixture of methanol, carbon oxides and hydrogen which methanol is converted to C 5 + hydrocarbon gasoline, light gas and water, the water is separated out and may be recycled as steam, the portion of the hydrocarbon fraction which comprises light olefins and isobutane is subjected to acid alkylation to product very high octane hydrocarbon gasoline which is admixed with the C 5 + hydrocarbon gasoline from the methanol conversion. The light fuel gas (C 1 to C 2 ) produced in the methanol conversion is recycled to the steam reformer and the LPG (C 3 + C 4 ) produced therein is recovered and sold.

Regeneration and separation of rhodium-containing or iridium-containing catalysts from distillation residues following hydroformylation

Abstract: Regeneration and separation of catalysts Me(CO)(PR 3 ) 2 Hal(I) and HMe(CO)(PR 3 ) 3 (II), where Me is rhodium or iridium, Hal is halogen and R denotes the same or different hydrocarbon radicals, from distillation residues of hydroformylation mixtures by treating said residues with aqueous acids and peroxides, mixing the resulting Me salt solutions with water-soluble organic solvents and with a phosphine PR 3 and, in the case of the preparation of compound I, with a hydrohalic acid or an alkali metal halide, reacting the solutions at from 0° to 150° C. and from 1 to 250 bars in case I with carbon monoxide or compounds eliminating carbon monoxide and in case II additionally with hydrogen, and separating the resulting compound I or II.

Hydrocarbon-substituted methylol phenols

Abstract: Hydroxy aromatic compositions containing (a) a hydroxyl group bonded directly to a carbon of an aromatic nucleus, (b) a hydrocarbon-based substituent of at least about 50 aliphatic carbon atoms bonded directly to a carbon atom of an aromatic nucleus, (c) at least one methylol or lower hydrocarbyl substituted methylol substituent bonded directly to a carbon atom of an aromatic nucleus, and not having any alkylene linkages between carbon atoms of two aromatic nuclei are useful as additives for normally liquid fuels and lubricating oils. These hydroxy aromatic compositions are also useful as intermediates for preparing other additives for fuels and lubricants. Typical hydroxy aromatic compositions of the present invention are formed by reaction of formaldehyde with an alkenyl- or alkyl-substituted phenol wherein the alkyl or alkenyl substituent contains an average of about 50 carbon atoms.

Isomerisation of hydrocarbon ions:II—Octenes and isomeric cycloakanes: Acollisional activation study

Abstract: [C8H16]+. molecular ions from alkenes and cycloalkanes differing in their skeletal con-figuration do not in general isomerise completely to a common structure, except for the molecular ion of n-propylcyclopentane, the structure of which is identical to that of the normal octene ions. In contrast, decomposing [CnH2n−1]+ fragments are completely or almost completely isomerised after a lifetime of a few μs.

Methanol production in a paraffinic medium

Abstract: Methanol is prepared from a feed gas containing carbon oxides and hydrogen by passing the feed gas through a catalyst bed in contact with an inert hydrocarbon liquid of the paraffinic or cycloparaffinic type under reaction conditions such that the equivalent methanol concentration in the liquid medium (corrected to 250° C and 1000 psig) does not exceed 1.0 wt. %. The use of paraffinics and cycloparaffinics has significant advantages in reactor productivity over the use of other inert hydrocarbon liquids such as aromatics.