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Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
M. A. Vannice1
TL;DR: The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction as mentioned in this paper is commonly referred to as the Fischer reaction and is used to produce a variety of organic products from coal, residua, oil shale, and tar sands.
Abstract: The increasing demand for energy, coupled with the uncertainty and expense of crude oil imports, has renewed interest in the production of fuels and chemicals from hydrogen-deficient materials. These energy sources such as coal, residua, oil shale, and tar sands can be gasified with steam and oxygen to produce a gas containing large quantities of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Once methane is removed from this CO/H2 mixture it is purified to remove S poisons and then reacted over a catalyst to produce a variety of organic products. The synthesis of hydrocarbon products, with the exception of methane, is commonly referred to as the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction.

479 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current evidence indicates that binding of hydrocarbons to tissue lipids is by hydrophobic interactions and not by covalent bonding, and in all species tested, accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbon appears to be dependent primarily on a partitioning of the hydrocarbon between the exposure water and the tissue Lipids.
Abstract: When exposed to oil-contaminated seawater, marine animals accumulate a wide variety of petroleum hydrocarbons in their tissues. Generally, the aromatic hydrocarbons are accumulated to a greater extent and are retained longer than the alkanes. In all species tested, accumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons appears to be dependent primarily on a partitioning of the hydrocarbons between the exposure water and the tissue lipids. Current evidence indicates that binding of hydrocarbons to tissue lipids is by hydrophobic interactions and not by covalent bonding. Bioaccumulation factors (tissue: water concentration ratio) increase in proportion to the increase in molecular weight of the aromatic hydrocarbons. When returned to oil-free seawater, marine animals rapidly release the accumulated hydrocarbons from their tissues. Release rates are species-dependent. Shrimp and fish, which can metabolize aromatic hydrocarbon, release them more rapidly than clams and oysters, which apparently lack the detoxifying enzymes. Release of hydrocarbons to background or undetectable levels requires from 2 to 60 days. The high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons are released more slowly than the low molecular weight hydrocarbons.

200 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the solubilities of several medium molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons were determined at 25°C in aqueous binary, ternary, and quaternary systems.

146 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of J.H. van der Waals and J.C. Platteeuw for predicting hydrate forming conditions in gases was modified to make it applicable to gas and liquid mixtures as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The University of Alberta obtained equilibrium three-phase water liquid-hydrocarbon liquid-solid hydrate data for the methane--isobutane--water system and for six multicomponent mixtures containing isobutane, at pressures up to 2200 psia and temperatures above 32/sup 0/F. The theory of J.H. van der Waals and J.C. Platteeuw for predicting hydrate forming conditions in gases was modified to make it applicable to gas and liquid mixtures. The method was also applied to the prediction of the four-phase equilibrium locus.

136 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hepatopancreas contained highly polar hydrocarbon metabolites, including diHydroxy-compounds and their conjugates, while blood contained both monohydroxy-and dihydroxy- Compounds, and no evidence was found of storage of hydrocarbons by any of the crab tissues.
Abstract: Radiolabeled paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzopyrene, fluorene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, methylcholanthrene, hexadecane, heptadecane and dotriacontane, were taken up from food and water by the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. In 2 days, approximately 10% of the benzopyrene and fluorene were taken up from the water when their concentrations were 2.5 and 30 μg/l, respectively. When given food with radiolabeled hydrocarbons, 2 to 10% of the hydrocarbons were assimilated by the carbs, with the remainder excreted. After uptake of hydrocarbon from water or food, a major pathway for the elimination of hydrocarbon and metabolites was through fecal material. All hydrocarbons used in the study were metabolized, with similar rates for both paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. More than 50% of the radioactivity assimilated by the crabs was in the hepatopancreas, suggesting that the hepatopancreas was the site of hydrocarbon metabolism. Twenty-five days aftex exposure to radiolabeled hydrocarbons, radioactivity was found only in the hepatopancreas. The hepatopancreas contained highly polar hydrocarbon metabolites, including dihydroxy-compounds and their conjugates, while blood contained both monohydroxy-and dihydroxy-compounds. No evidence was found of storage of hydrocarbons by any of the crab tissues.

128 citations


Patent
15 Oct 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a pressure swing cyclic system was used to remove carbon dioxide and/or hydrocarbon gases, obtaining high recovery of hydrogen at high purity, which can also be employed for separation of methane from admixture with CO2.
Abstract: Hydrogen-containing gas mixtures are subjected to selective adsorption in a pressure swing cyclic system to remove carbon dioxide and/or hydrocarbon gases, obtaining high recovery of hydrogen at high purity. The system can also be employed for separation of methane from admixture with CO2.

112 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequence of highly branched and incompletely crosslinked aliphatic backbone chains with pendant aromatic rings were used to analyze the structures of insoluble plasma polymerized films from the same hydrocarbons.
Abstract: Oils and films were produced by passage of ethylene, acetylene, and butadiene gases as well as benzene vapor through a radio-frequency electric discharge. The hydrocarbon oils produced in the plasma were dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and were analyzed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Based on these analyses, concentrations of characteristic functional groups were determined and used to propose molecular structures. The hydrocarbon oils are postulated to consist of irregular sequences of highly branched and incompletely crosslinked aliphatic backbone chains with pendant aromatic rings. Double bonds are interspersed along the chains. Hydrogen/carbon ratios in the proposed structures are consistent with the results from elemental analyses. Products from py-rolysis mass spectrometry can also be interpreted on the basis of the proposed structures. Similar techniques are used to analyze the structures of insoluble plasma polymerized films obtained from the same hydrocarbons....

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments from several locations in Lake Washington have been determined by gas chromatographic, radiocarbon, and stable carbon isotope analyses as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments from several locations in Lake Washington have been determined by gas chromatographic, radiocarbon, and stable carbon isotope analyses. Most surface sediments contain an average of about 1,400 µg g‒1 dry wt total aliphatic hydrocarbons, of which about 10 µg g‒1 are n-paraffins. Gas chromatograms of these hydrocarbons and radiocarbon ages of about 18,000 years B.P. for the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction suggest the presence of a large component of petroleum hydrocarbons. By contrast, sediments at depth in the sediment column and deposited before about 1880 contain only about 30 µg g‒1 total aliphatics and about 5 µg g‒1 n-paraffins. These hydrocarbon levels are believed to represent the aged natural background concentrations in Lake Washington. A number of cores analyzed in detail show an increase in hydrocarbon levels after 1880, which corresponds to the start of a period of growth for the adjacent metropolitan area.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The scaling particle theory has been used to predict the solubility of nonpolar rare gases or hydrocarbons into water and organic solvents from the gaseous state as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The problem of hydrophobic bonding, i.e., the strong tendency of hydrocarbons in water to aggregate, can be related (at least if the aggregate contains a sufficiently high number of molecules) and is intuitively related to the original problem of the transfer of nonpolar solutes to a nonpolar solvent from water (e.g., transfer of C/sub 4/H/sub 10/ from liquid C/sub 4/H/sub 10/ to water or from cyclohexane to water). The scaled particle theory, which has been shown to successfully predict the solubility of nonpolar rare gases or hydrocarbons into water and organic solvents from the gaseous state, may be used either to compute the strength of aggregates of hydrocarbons in water (in a modified form), or the transfer of a hydrocarbon from water to its pure liquid phase. Calculations make it apparent that the solvent dimensions are an important parameter in determining the sign of the free energy of transfer for a nonpolar solute from one solvent to another. The structure of the solvent determines the sign of the entropy of transfer. (13 refs.)

69 citations


Patent
27 Jul 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, oil soluble oxazoline reaction products of hydrocarbon substituted dicarboxylic acid, ester, or anhydride, such as polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydrides, with 2,2-disubstituted-2-amino-1-alkanols such as tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM), are useful additives in oleaginous compositions.
Abstract: Oil soluble oxazoline reaction products of hydrocarbon substituted dicarboxylic acid, ester, or anhydride, for example polyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride, with 2,2-disubstituted-2-amino-1-alkanols, such as tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM), are useful additives in oleaginous compositions, such as sludge dispersants for lubricating oil or gasoline.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of naturally occurring surfactant dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays in mediating the process of hydrocarbon uptake was examined using the marine bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria.

Patent
13 Feb 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a new solid transition metal catalyst for polymers and copolymers of.alpha-olefins with at least 3 carbon atoms having improved stereoregularity in high yields.
Abstract: OF THE DISCLOSURE Highly stereoregular polymers or copolymers of .alpha.-olefins containing at least 3 carbon atoms are prepared in high yields by poly-merizing or copolymerizing the .alpha.-olefins in the presence of a catalyst composed of (a) an improved solid transition metal catalyst component prepared by reacting (1) a magnesium-containing reaction product derived from a member of the group consisting of (i) a magnesium halide, (ii) an active hydrogen-containing compound, (iii) an organic acid ester and (iv) a silicon or tin compound containing at least one halogen atom or hydrocarbon group bonded directly to silicon or tin with (2) (a) titanium compound, and (b) an organometallic compound of a metal selected from aluminum, magnesium and zinc. The novel catalyst affords polymers and copolymers of .alpha.-olefins with at least 3 carbon atoms having more improved stereoregularity in high yields, and can be prepared without the need for the time-consuming mixing-pulverizing means.


Patent
27 Sep 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the recovery of light mixed hydrocarbon vapors from an air-hydrocarbon mixture expelled as a result of storage breathing or loading of a vented hydrocarbon vessel is described.
Abstract: A process for the recovery of light mixed hydrocarbon vapors from an air-hydrocarbon mixture expelled as a result of storage breathing or loading of a vented hydrocarbon vessel. The hydrocarbon vapor components are adsorbed from the mixture, thus permitting venting of the substantially hydrocarbon free air safely to the atmosphere without pollution. The adsorbed hydrocarbons are removed by subjecting the adsorbent bed to a lower pressure, and the hydrocarbon components in the resulting desorption stream are substantially adsorbed for recovery, and the remaining gases from the absorption vessel are passed through a second adsorption bed to substantially remove any hydrocarbons therein.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A partial oxidation product of naphthalene was found to be more effective in decreasing growth parameters than naphthaene at equivalent concentrations and to cause complete cessation of growth at the higher concentrations permitted by its polar structure.
Abstract: Dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons were found to decrease growth rate and maximum cell density of marine bacteria in batch cultures. The magnitude of the decrement was observed to be a function of concentration of the hydrocarbon and inherent toxicity. The inherent toxicity was observed to increase inversely with solubility such that naphthalene at 100 muM concentration demonstrated a toxic effect similar to benzopyrene at 0.02 muM. A partial oxidation product of naphthalene was found to be more effective in decreasing growth parameters than naphthalene at equivalent concentrations and to cause complete cessation of growth at the higher concentrations permitted by its polar structure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the kinetic orders and apparent activation energies of the breaking of different types of CC bonds have been determined, and the rate constant of the rupture of the carbon-carbon bond is not much changed with the hydrocarbon.

Patent
05 Apr 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method for the synthesis of hydrocarbons with chain lengths of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms inclusive and for selective generation of olefinic hydrocarbon products with reduced wax formation was proposed.
Abstract: A new method for the synthesis of hydrocarbons with chain lengths of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms inclusive and for selective generation of olefinic hydrocarbons in this carbon number range with reduced wax formation, said products being synthesized from CO and H 2 at pressures of from 100 to 3100 kPa which method comprises the steps of passing a synthesis gas stream of CO and H 2 at a H 2 /CO ratio of from 0.1-10 at a space velocity of from 100 hr - 1 to 50,000 hr - 1 over a catalyst comprising from 0.01 to 15 wt. % ruthenium on TiO 2 , other titanium-containing oxides or mixtures of said titanium-containing oxides for a time sufficient to effect the generation of desired olefinic hydrocarbon products, at a temperature of from 100° to 500° C and a pressure of from 100 to 10 5 kPa (1-1000 atm). The supported ruthenium catalyst has a BET surface area of from 10 to 60 m 2 g -1 of total catalyst with a ruthenium crystallite size of preferably less than 5 nm (50 A).

Patent
11 Mar 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the sulfur oxides are removed from a gas and the sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide by the steps of: (1) reacting sulfides in the gas with alumina to form a solid sulfur-containing compound, and (2) contacting the solid compound resulting from step(1) with a hydrocarbon at a temperature of about 800°-1300° F and reacting the solid sulfurcontaining compound with components of the hydrocarbon to form hydrogen sulfides.
Abstract: Sulfur oxides are removed from a gas and the sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide by the steps of: (1) reacting sulfur oxides in the gas with alumina to form a solid sulfur-containing compound and remove sulfur oxides from the gas; and (2) contacting the solid compound resulting from step (1) with a hydrocarbon at a temperature of about 800°-1300° F and reacting the solid sulfur-containing compound with components of the hydrocarbon to form hydrogen sulfide.


Patent
04 Mar 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a process and a catalyst for the conversion of hydrocarbons is described, supported by a solid perfluorinated polymer containing pendent sulfonic acid groups.
Abstract: A process and catalyst for the conversion of hydrocarbons is disclosed. The catalyst is supported solid perfluorinated polymer containing pendent sulfonic acid groups. The processes include alkylation of isoparaffins, isomerization of normal alkanes, disproportionation of toluene, and the alkylation of benzene.


Patent
02 Jan 1976
TL;DR: An improved hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process which comprises introducing tin into the cracking zone so as to maintain a volume ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the gaseous effluent from the catalyst regeneration zone of at least 3.0 was proposed in this article.
Abstract: An improved hydrocarbon catalytic cracking process which comprises introducing tin into the cracking zone so as to maintain a volume ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide in the gaseous effluent from the catalyst regeneration zone of at least 3.0.

Patent
07 Oct 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a phosphorus-containing compound of the formula "STR1" was proposed for incorporation into polymers, such as polyesters, as flame-retardants.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a phosphorus-containing compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein each of R1 is a hydrogen atom or hydrocarbon group having 1-10 carbon atoms which may contain a hydroxyl group, and both R1 's may together form a dehydrated ring when both of R1 's represent hydrogen atoms, each of R2 and R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of halogen atoms and hydrocarbon groups having 1-10 carbon atoms, and each of n2 and n3 is an integer of 0-4. These compounds are especially useful for incorporation into polymers, such as polyesters, as flame-retardants. Further, such phosphorus-containing compound imparts excellent flame-retardant properties to such polyesters, while at the same time does not deleteriously affect the physical properties of the polyester.

Patent
19 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a catalytic composite of a crystalline aluminosilicate, a platinum group metal component, cobalt component, a germanium component, and a halogen component, for utilization in a hydrocracking process is presented.
Abstract: A process for hydrotreating (hydroprocessing) hydrocarbons and mixtures of hydrocarbons utilizing a catalytic composite comprising a porous carrier material containing, on an elemental basis, about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % platinum group metal, about 0.5 to about 5 wt. % cobalt, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % germanium and about 0.1 to about 3.5 wt. % halogen, wherein the platinum group metal, cobalt and germanium are uniformly dispersed throughout the porous carrier material, wherein substantially all of the platinum group metal is present in the elemental metallic state, wherein substantially all of the germanium is present in an oxidation state above that of the elemental metal, and wherein substantially all of the cobalt is present in the elemental metallic state or in a state which is reducible to the elemental metallic state under hydrocarbon conversion conditions or in a mixture of these states, in which process there is effected a chemical consumption of hydrogen. A specific example of one such catalyst is a composite of a crystalline aluminosilicate, a platinum group metal component, a cobalt component, a germanium component, and a halogen component, for utilization in a hydrocracking process. Other hydrocarbon hydroprocesses are directed toward hydrogenation of aromatic nuclei, the ring-opening of cyclic hydrocarbons, hydrogenation, etc.

Patent
13 Aug 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a route for production of ethylene is disclosed by a route which involves hydrocracking of a C 3 or higher feedstock, followed by ethane pyrolysis.
Abstract: Production of ethylene is disclosed by a route which involves hydrocracking of a C 3 or higher feedstock, e.g. a gas oil, followed by ethane pyrolysis. The feedstock/hydrogen ratio is chosen to favor C 2 production (mainly ethane but also a small proportion of ethylene) in the hydrogenation zone and the reaction is prevented from self-quenching by supplying to the hydrocracking reaction zone hot combustion gases produced by at least partial oxidation of a fuel.

Patent
Clark J Egan1
24 Mar 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination process for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons from CO and H 2, wherein the CO and h 2 are contacted in a reaction zone containing both a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst and a hydrocracking catalyst to produce a reaction product essentially free of oxygenated components.
Abstract: Disclosed is a process for hydrocracking high-boiling hydrocarbons to lower-boiling hydrocarbons under hydrocracking conditions including high concentrations of water and water precursors and a low partial pressure of hydrogen. Also disclosed is a combination process for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons from CO and H 2 , wherein the CO and H 2 are contacted in a reaction zone containing both a Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst and a hydrocracking catalyst to produce a reaction product essentially free of oxygenated components. The synthetic hydrocarbons produced by the process of this invention are particularly useful as transportation fuels.

Patent
25 May 1976
TL;DR: In this article, a catalyst and a process for partially oxidizing hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is provided. But the process is not described in detail, and it is assumed that a mixture gas of a hydrocarbon such as naptha, gasoline and propane and an oxidizer such as air and/or oxygen is contacted with the rhodium catalyst at an elevated temperature.
Abstract: A catalyst and a process for partially oxidizing hydrocarbons to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is provided. The catalyst consists essentially of rhodium, the rhodium being usually supported on a carrier. In the process, a mixture gas of a hydrocarbon such as naptha, gasoline and propane and an oxidizer such as air and/or oxygen is contacted with the rhodium catalyst at an elevated temperature.

Patent
John Mooi1
29 Apr 1976
TL;DR: In this article, an improved process for converting hydrocarbons using a catalyst which is periodically regenerated to remove carbonaceous deposits, the catalyst being comprised of a mixture containing, as a major component, solid particles capable of promoting hydrocar conversion at hydrocarbon conversion conditions, and discrete entities comprising a major amount of a support and a minor, catalytically effective amount of at least one of certain metal components disposed on at least a portion of the support.
Abstract: An improved process for converting hydrocarbons using a catalyst which is periodically regenerated to remove carbonaceous deposits, the catalyst being comprised of a mixture containing, as a major component, solid particles capable of promoting hydrocarbon conversion at hydrocarbon conversion conditions, and, as a minor component, discrete entities comprising a major amount of a support and a minor, catalytically effective amount of at least one of certain metal components disposed on at least a portion of the support, the metal component being capable of promoting the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide at carbon monoxide oxidizing conditions, provided that the discrete entities are more attrition resistant than the solid particles. An improved hydrocarbon conversion-carbon monoxide oxidation catalyst is also disclosed.

Patent
27 Dec 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved asphalt-aggregate recycling process is described, which includes heating asphaltaggregate composition by direct exposure to hot gases of combustion to form a gaseous exhaust mixture of carbon dioxide, water vapor and hydrocarbon volatiles from the heated asphalt, subjecting the mixture to a centrifugal force sufficient to separate the mixture into a first layer comprising a major amount of the hydrocarbon volatile condensate particles, and a second layer comprising carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Abstract: An improved asphalt-aggregate recycling process includes heating asphalt-aggregate composition by direct exposure to hot gases of combustion to form a gaseous exhaust mixture of carbon dioxide, water vapor and hydrocarbon volatiles from the heated asphalt, subjecting the gaseous mixture to a centrifugal force sufficient to separate the mixture into a first layer comprising a major amount of the hydrocarbon volatile condensate particles, and a second layer comprising a major amount of the carbon dioxide and water vapor. The first layer containing the condensed hydrocarbon volatiles is then separated out and preferably directed to a hydrocarbon burner as fuel for heating the asphalt-aggregate composition. The improved apparatus improves means for centrifugally physically separating the hydrocarbon from the gaseous mixture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The surface of the macroporous silica adsorbent Silochrom has been modified with layers of carbon and an organosilicon polymer and the modified adsorbents have been used in liquid chromatography with strongly and weakly polar eluents.