Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1977"
TL;DR: In this article, the conversion of methanol and other O-compounds to C 2 ǫC 10 hydrocarbons using a new class of shape-selective zeolites is reported.
1,250 citations
567 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubilities of 32 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and indan have been measured in water at 25/sup 0/C. The results compare satisfactorily with the available literature values for ten of the compounds.
Abstract: The solubilities of 32 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and indan have been measured in water at 25/sup 0/C. The results compare satisfactorily with the available literature values for ten of the compounds. The hydrocarbon infinite dilution coefficient is correlated with carbon number using a parabolic equation. Aqueous solubility can then be calculated directly for hydrocarbons which are liquid at 25/sup 0/C. For solid hydrocarbons the ratio of hydrocarbon solid fugacity to hypothetical subcooled liquid fugacity must be estimated. A suitable correlation is suggested.
425 citations
TL;DR: The use of 13 C as a natural tracer in hydrocarbon exploration is discussed in theory and through examples as discussed by the authors, which can potentially provide information on the source, generation, migration, and alteration of hydrocarbons.
337 citations
15 Mar 1977
TL;DR: For a given electrolyte concentration, aqueous petroleum sulfonate surfactants in a contact with alkanes, alkylbenzenes, or Alkylcyclohexanes as the second phase yield low interfacial tensions for only a single member of each homologous hydrocarbon series as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: For a given electrolyte concentration, aqueous petroleum sulfonate surfactants in a contact with alkanes, alkylbenzenes, or alkylcyclohexanes as the second phase yield low interfacial tensions for only a single member of each homologous hydrocarbon series. For a particular equivalent weight surfactant and electrolyte concentration, the three hydrocarbons might typically be octane, octylbenzene, and butylcyclohexane. It is shown that appropriate mixtures of other hydrocarbon members of these series will produce low interfacial tensions if the average molecular weight is identical to octane and if phenyl and cyclohexyl groups are assumed to contribute zero and four carbons, respectively, to the attached alkyl side chains. Similar scaling rules are developed for groups in molecular species such as decalin and 1-methyl naphthalene.
149 citations
TL;DR: The feasibility of using OH- as a reactant ion in negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NCI) has been demonstrated as discussed by the authors, and a variety of organic compounds have been measured and reactions have been postulated for the production of the observed ions.
Abstract: The feasibility of using OH- as reactant ion in negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NCI) has been demonstrated.The OH- ion is formed by electron bombardment of a mixture of N2O and either Hz or CH4. Dissociative electron capture by NzO produces 0 - a , which abstracts a hydrogen atom from H2 or CH4 to form OH-. The spectra of OH- with a variety of organic compounds have been measured and reactions have been postulated for the production of many of the observed ions. For carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols, ketones, and esters proton abstraction is the major reaction, and abundant (M - 1)- ions are observed. For ethers and amines, on the contrary, extensive fragmentation and no (M - 1)- ion formation is observed. For weak acids such as substituted aromatics, alkynes, and alkenes, (M - 1)- ions are formed, which appear to react with the N20 present to form as major ions (M - H + NzO)- and (M - H + N2O - H>O)-. We suggest that the (M - 1 + N2O - H2O)- ion is a substituted pyrazole anion. No reactions are observed between OH- and benzene, cycloalkanes, and alkanes. Spectra of organic compounds using N20 as reactant gas have been determined, and the reactions are distinctly different from those using N20/CH4 or NzO/H2 as reactant gas. Spectra of mixtures of N2O with C2H6, C ~ H Ban, d i-C4HIO, respectively, have been measured. In all cases OH- is formed, but in C3Hg/N20 and i-C4H10/N20 mixtures abundant ions are also found at m/e 67 and 81, respectively. We suggest that these ions are produced by the reaction of 0-. with the hydrocarbon to form (M - 1)- ions, which in turn react with NzO to give pyrazole or methylpyrazole anions, respectively.
143 citations
TL;DR: The present study focused on the development of a method to quantify the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbon-based dispersants and their applications in the oil and gas industry.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 379 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL 380 PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS AND HYDROCARBON 381 Water-Soluble Components of Petroleum 382 Water-Insoluble Liquid Hydrocarbons 382 Emulsion formation •• 384 Hydrocarbon uptake into cells 385 Water-Insoluble Solid Hydrocarbons 385 PETROLEUM BIODEGRADATION: GENERAL NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS ...... 386 PETROLEUM DEGRADATION: METABOLIC SPECIFICITY 388 Initial Oxidation 388 Inducer Specificity 389 MICROBIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OIL TANKER OPERATIONS 390 Oil Tankers and the Ballast Voyage 390 Potential Applications 392
136 citations
15 Mar 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, complex anionic surfactant mixtures selectively generate low interfacial tensions for aqueous phases in combination with select pure hydrocarbons, largely governed by the alkyl groups.
Abstract: Complex anionic surfactant mixtures selectively generate low interfacial tensions for aqueous phases in combination with select pure hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon behavior is largely governed by the alkyl groups. There is some evidence of a direct relationship between hydrocarbon and surfactant molecular weight for attaining minimal tension. The classical CMC concept is not valid for the surfactants studied.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the chemiluminescence of diphenoylperoxide is initiated by electron transfer from the hydrocarbon to the peroxide followed by rapid decarboxylation and back electron transfer to form the electronically excited hydrocarbon.
Abstract: : The thermal decomposition of diphenoylperoxide in the presence of certain aromatic hydrocarbons generates benzocoumarin and light corresponding to the fluorescence spectrum of the hydrocarbon. It is shown that this chemiluminescence does not result from conventional energy transfer from some electronically excited peroxide decomposition product to the aromatic hydrocarbon. Instead, the chemiluminescence is initiated by electron transfer from the hydrocarbon to the peroxide followed by rapid decarboxylation and back electron transfer to form the electronically excited hydrocarbon. The yield of light from this process is quite high. It is suggested that a similar mechanism may be operating in several previously described chemiluminescing systems. (Author)
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three fractions of organic matter: lipid (benzene:methanol-extractable), humic acid (alkali extractable) and kerogen (residue) were extracted from a young marine sediment (Tanner Basin, offshore southern California) and heated for different times (5-116 hr) and temperatures (150-410 C).
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, measurements of HCN, NHi and NO have been made in a number of fuel-rich ethylene- and acetylene-air flames, seeded with varying amounts of fuelnitrogen (ammonia, pyridine or nitric oxide).
TL;DR: In this article, a five-component feed comprised of hexane isomers, benzene, and toluene was used as a catalytic probe to compare the behavior of common acid zeolites of widely differing pore structures.
TL;DR: In this paper, thermally immature mineral-free kerogens were pyrolyzed in the laboratory under air-free conditions at temperatures from 250 to 450°C for up to several weeks and significant quantities of bitumen, gaseous hydrocarbons, water, and carbon dioxide were formed.
Abstract: Thermally immature mineral-free kerogens were pyrolyzed in the laboratory under air-free conditions at temperatures from 250 to 450°C for up to several weeks. Significant quantities of bitumen, gaseous hydrocarbons, water, and carbon dioxide were formed. Elemental composition of each kerogen type was measured before and after pyrolysis to monitor increased carbonization, decreased hydrogen/carbon ratios, and other elemental changes. Immature kerogens with atomic H/C ratios greater than 1.00 generate liquid hydrocarbons on pyrolysis, whereas those with lower atomic H/C ratios generate predominantly gaseous hydrocarbons. Principal generation of liquid hydrocarbons generally occurs when the weight percent of carbon in the kerogen is between 77 and 85%, and the atomic H/C ratio is above 0.80. Principal gas generation occurs between 85 and 89% carbon and between atomic H/C ratios of 0.40 and 0.80. Thus, principal gas generation occurs after principal oil generation. Actually, most kerogens have completed hydrocarbon generation when the carbon content reaches approximately 90% by weight and the atomic H/C ratio declines to 0.40. Kerogens with unusually high initial hydrogen contents undergo principal oil generation up o 87% carbon and principal gas generation up to 92% carbon, but within the same atomic H/C ratio limits as normal oil-generating kerogens. Pennsylvanian-age coal, which is composed of gas-generating kerogen with a very low hydrogen content, has principal gas generation from 88 to 93% carbon.
TL;DR: The combination of organic matter and hydrocarbon analysis of sediments led to the concept of hydrocarbon metamorphic facies by Evans and Staplin (1971) is reviewed in this article.
Abstract: The combination of organic matter and hydrocarbon analysis of sediments which led to the concept of hydrocarbon metamorphic facies by Evans and Staplin (1971) is reviewed. Methods of presenting the data in map and section form are discussed. Three facies of organic metamorphism develop with increasing temperature/time. The immature facies has abundant methane, trace quantities of C2‐C14 hydrocarbons and a C15+ fraction with abundant non‐hydrocarbon compounds. Organic debris has not been altered geothermally, but shows the effects of physical and biochemical degradation. In the mature facies a complete spectrum of hydrocarbons indicates the functioning of oil generation. Organic particulate debris shows progressive changes in color, light transmission, reflectivity and other properties which reflect chemical change, especially loss of volatiles. In the metamorphic facies, methane, only traces of heavier hydrocarbons, and very little non‐hydrocarbon material in the C15+ fraction signify the thermal...
TL;DR: This work is concerned with characterization of cultures with two liquid phases for understanding the hydrocarbon uptake process by cells and showed that some cells are attached to the large oil drops ad others are free from them.
Abstract: In hydrocarbon fermentation, the efficiency of hydrocarbon uptake by cells is one of the keys to the economical production of single-cell protein. This work is concerned with characterization of cultures with two liquid phases for understanding the hydrocarbon uptake process by cells. Batch cultivation of Candida lipolytica was carried out in shaking flasks and in a tower fermentor with motionless mixers. Microscopic observation and cell and hydrocarbon concentration distribution in batch cultivation showed that some cells are attached to the large oil drops and others are free from them. Interfacila tension between oil and water and Sauter mean drop size decreased as cultivation proceeded. On the basis of the experimental results, the process of hydrocarbon uptake by cells is discussed.
Patent•
11 Oct 1977TL;DR: In this paper, a catalytic process is provided for the selective production of para dialkyl substituted benzenes containing alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, typified by para-xylene.
Abstract: A catalytic process is provided for the selective production of para dialkyl substituted benzenes containing alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, typified by para-xylene, by contacting, under conversion conditions, a hydrocarbon precursor selected from the group consisting of mono alkyl-substituted benzenes having 1-4 carbon atoms in the alkyl substituent, e.g., toluene, ethyl benzene, propyl benzene, or butyl benzene; a C2 -C15 olefin and a C3 -C60 paraffin, or mixtures thereof including mixtures of benzene with at least one of the aforementioned olefins or paraffins with a zeolite-containing catalyst characterized by a xylene sorption capacity greater than 1 gram/100 grams of zeolite and an ortho xylene sorption time for 30 percent of said capacity of greater than 10 minutes, said sorption capacity and sorption time being measured at 120° C and a xylene pressure of 4.5 ±0.8 mm. of mercury, said catalyst comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite having a silica to alumina ratio of at least about 12 and a constraint index, as hereinafter defined, within the approximate range of 1 to 12 and recovering from the resulting product mixture, a para dialkyl substituted benzene in an amount greater than the thermodynamic equilibrium concentration thereof in total dialkyl substituted benzenes produced.
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction of H 2, CO, and H 2 CO with a clean (110) ruthenium surface has been studied using temperature-programmed desorption methods.
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubilities of 8 hydrocarbon gases in lipid bilayers have been determined at 25°C using a gas chromatographic technique, and the results in 96% egg lecithin and 4% phosphatidic acid bilayers expressed as Bunsen coefficients are: CH 4 0.20; C 2 H 6 0.97; C 3 H 8 3.6; n -C 4 H 10 17; c -C 3 H 4 11; i -C4 H 10 9.5; cis -butene 25; trans
TL;DR: In this article, the rate coefficients and ionised product distributions for reactions of the ions CH + n and C 2 H + n with H 2 and CH 4, for n = 0 to 4, in a SIFT apparatus at 300 K.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reactions with hydrogen of various aliphatic hydrocarbons ranging from C4 to C8 have been studied over PtAl2O3 as catalyst, and the main reaction is hydrogenolysis, parallel isomerization and dehydrocyclization being very slow if the hydrocarbon chain is less than four carbon atoms long.
TL;DR: In this paper, chemical properties of submarine petroleum seeps are reviewed, focusing on those of the Southern California Borderland, in relation to crude oil produced in the same geographic area, the compositional changes due to weathering in the marine environment, and the hydrocarbon and trace element compositions of the surrounding seawater and adjacent sediments.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of dispersed n ‐dodecane or n hexadecane on the air-to-aqueous phase overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in a simulated (cell-free) stirred-tank fermentor is described.
Abstract: The effect of dispersed n ‐dodecane or n ‐hexadecane on the air‐to‐aqueous phase overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in a simulated (cell‐free) stirred‐tank fermentor is described. The oil volume fraction ranged from zero to 0.10; the ionic strength of the aqueous phases was varied from 0 to 0.45. The air‐to‐aqueous phase coefficients in both oil‐free (KLa) and oil‐bearing (KLa*) systems were evaluated from unsteady‐state experiments using a membrane‐covered probe to follow the aqueous phase dissolved oxygen tension.
Patent•
26 May 1977TL;DR: A process for separating an aromatic hydrocarbon of the general formula "STR1" from a mixture comprising a compound and one or more aliphatic hydrocarbons, cyclo-aliphatic hydrates, alcohol, ether, ketone, or carboxylic acid esters is described in this article.
Abstract: A process for separating an aromatic hydrocarbon of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3 (and wherein the groups R, when n is 2 or 3 can be the same or different), From a mixture comprising said compound and one or more aliphatic hydrocarbon, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether, ketone or a carboxylic acid ester which comprises contacting said mixture with a polyurethane membrane.
Patent•
15 Aug 1977
TL;DR: A process and apparatus for the destructive distillation of high molecular weight organic materials such as organic wastes, particularly those containing hydrocarbon groups, using ultrasonic and microwave generators together to irradiate, and molecularly disperse the organic molecules in the organic materials is described in this paper.
Abstract: A process and apparatus for the destructive distillation of high molecular weight organic materials such as organic wastes, particularly those containing hydrocarbon groups, using ultrasonic and microwave generators together to irradiate, and molecularly disperse the organic molecules in the organic materials At least initially a portion of the organic materials are preferably irradiated with a laser beam or other initiator to initiate molecular motion in the organic materials and produce elemental carbon in situ from the organic materials so that the process will begin rapidly Carbon and/or particulate catalysts which promote or increase the absorption of microwaves are preferably admixed with the organic materials Also described are condenser means for removal of oily higher molecular weight volatilization products and water electrolysis means for providing oxygen for the oxidation of carbon materials in the volatilization products and to provide hydrogen in the gaseous volatilization products in order to provide clean gaseous volatilization products having a high fuel value Charcoal, tars, resins and pure carbon are also by-products of the process
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated carbon formation during steamcracking of cyclohexane, toluene and n-hexane and showed that carbonaceous materials may be formed as follows: 1) In the case of cyclomethane, the initial hydrocarbon reacts in the gas phase and forms hydrocarbon species which condense into droplets, striking substrate on which they solidify (dehydrogenation).
Patent•
05 Jul 1977TL;DR: A mixture of substituted phenol/epichlorohydrin/amine adduct and polycarboxylic acid ester as a multipurpose, low concentration additive for hydrocarbon fuels, lubricating oils and mixtures thereof as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A mixture of (1) a substituted phenol/epichlorohydrin/amine adduct and (2) a polycarboxylic acid ester as a multipurpose, low concentration additive for hydrocarbon fuels, lubricating oils and mixtures thereof.
TL;DR: The structure of the carbonaceous deposit produced on nickel was found to be mainly filamentous in nature and was associated with the catalytic decomposition of the intermediate products, ethylene, propylene and benzene formed during pyrolysis of propane as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The uptake mechanism of liquid hydrocarbons of low solubility in water was investigated, using microorganisms with different affinities for liquid hydrocarbon to find microorganisms which could utilize hydrocarbon were much more adherent than those which could not.
Abstract: The uptake mechanism of liquid hydrocarbons of low solubility in water was investigated, using microorganisms with different affinities for liquid hydrocarbon. Microorganisms which could utilize hydrocarbon were much more adherent to hydrocarbon than those which could not. The adhesive force between Candida intermedia IFO 0761 and hydrocarbon was higher than that of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, though both could utilize hydrocarbon. The total hydrocarbon uptake from the drop and accommodation forms of hydrocarbons was much higher than that from dissolved hydrocarbon. The uptake rate of drop-form hydrocarbon was nearly equal to that of accommodation-form hydrocarbon for C. intermedia, but was lower for C. tropicalis which shows lower adhesion to hydrocarbon.