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Showing papers on "Hydrocarbon published in 1986"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, molecular composition analysis has been applied to such extracts after suitable chemical separation into subfractions (i.e., hydrocarbons, ketones, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and wax esters).
Abstract: Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic area. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g. plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic emissions (e.g. oils, soot, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic emissions contain organic materials (C14- C40 +) extractable by solvent, which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns. Molecular composition analysis has been applied to such extracts after suitable chemical separation into subfractions (i.e. hydrocarbons, ketones, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and wax esters). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), are the major anthropogenic residues. These lipid fractions are quantified and characterized in terms of their contents of both homologous compound series and specific molecular markers. Samples from rural sites c...

276 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, les reactions des ions vanadium a letat fondamental avec l'ethane, l'ethylene, and l'acetylene were studied using the technique du faisceau ionique guide.
Abstract: On etudie les reactions des ions vanadium a l'etat fondamental avec l'ethane, l'ethylene et l'acetylene en utilisant la technique du faisceau ionique guide

164 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, hydrogen pyrolysis experiments on the Phosphoria Retort Shale were conducted to generate bitumen extracts and expelled oils that have steroid hydrocarbons with m/z 217, 231, and 253 mass Chromatographic distributions that are similar to those of bitumens and crude oils in the natural system.

139 citations


Patent
03 Oct 1986
TL;DR: A continuous thermochemical indirect liquefaction process to convert various biomass materials into diesel-type transportation fuels which fuels are compatible with current engine designs and distribution systems comprising feeding said biomass into a circulating solid fluidized bed gasification system to produce a synthesis gas containing olefins, hydrogen and carbon monoxide and thereafter introducing the synthesis gas into a catalytic liquidefaction system to convert the synthesis gases into liquid hydrocarbon fuel consisting essentially of C 7 -C 17 paraffinic hydrocarbons having cetane indices of 50+.
Abstract: A continuous thermochemical indirect liquefaction process to convert various biomass materials into diesel-type transportation fuels which fuels are compatible with current engine designs and distribution systems comprising feeding said biomass into a circulating solid fluidized bed gasification system to produce a synthesis gas containing olefins, hydrogen and carbon monoxide and thereafter introducing the synthesis gas into a catalytic liquefaction system to convert the synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbon fuel consisting essentially of C 7 -C 17 paraffinic hydrocarbons having cetane indices of 50+.

123 citations



Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the absolute rate coefficients for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with six selectively deuterated isotopes of propane were determined by the laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique.
Abstract: Absolute rate coefficients for the reactions of the hydroxyl radical with six selectively deuterated isotopes of propane were determined by the laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique. Kinetic data were obtained at 400-Torr helium pressure over the temperature range 293-854 K. Rate-coefficient results for the OH + C/sub 3/H/sub 8/ ..-->.. H/sub 2/O + C/sub 3/H/sub 7/ reaction are fit by the modified Arrhenius expression k/sub 1/(T) = 1.04 x 10/sup -16/T/sup 1.72/ exp(-288 cal mol/sup -1//RT) cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. The reactivity of an individual methyl or methylene group in propane is found to be independent of the hydrogen isotopic content of the remaining alkyl groups in the molecule. Branching ratios for the formation of n-propyl and isopropyl radicals are presented as functions of temperature; abstraction of a secondary hydrogen atom is more important at room temperature and abstraction by OH in propane is characterized. 33 references, 4 figures, 5 tables.

99 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid, automated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system was developed for the semipreparative separations of crude oils, bitumens, and related materials into either compound class group-type fractions (saturate, aromatic, and polar) or aromatic ring-number fractions (polyaromatic and polar).
Abstract: A rapid, automated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system has been developed for the semipreparative separations of crude oils, bitumens, and related materials into either compound class group-type fractions (saturate, aromatic, and polar) or aromatic ring-number fractions (saturate, mono-, di-, tri-, and polyaromatic, and polar). Separations are performed with commercially available HPLC components and chemically bonded silica-NH/sub 2/ columns. The reproducibility in the quantitative data obtained from the method is excellent for crude and process oils with an average percent deviation of approximately 2% for any compound class group-type fractions. The importance of molecular structure and substituent effects on the separation of aromatic hydrocarbons according to the number of aromatic rings was determined by using 57 model compounds typically found in fossil fuels. The degree of overlap between aromatic ring-number fractions is minimal using the method as assessed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric Z series analyses of each ring-number fraction obtained from a highly aromatic crude oil.

93 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the reaction of tetrahydrothiophene and 1-butanethiol on Mo(110) has been investigated by using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy, isotopic exchange reactions, and Auger electron spectrographs.
Abstract: The reactions of tetrahydrothiophene and 1-butanethiol on Mo(110) have been investigated by using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy, isotopic exchange reactions, and Auger electron spectroscopy. At low exposures, tetrahydrothiophene decomposes below 400 K to gaseous dihydrogen and surface carbon and sulfur. Higher tetrahydrothiophene exposures also result in reaction limited formation of butane and butene at 350 and 380 K, respectively. Preadsorption of a saturation coverage of hydrogen or deuterium atoms decreases the temperature at which butane is formed by 50 K and increases the yield of butane by a factor of approximately 6 at reaction saturation. The butene formation peak is unaffected by the presence of excess surface hydrogen. Reversible desorption of molecularly bound tetrahydrothiophene from the Mo(110) surface is observed at 310 K. In the absence of preadsorbed hydrogen, approximately 25% of the tetrahydrothiophene that reacts forms hydrocarbons, as measured by Auger electron spectroscopy. An irreversibly bound hydrocarbon fragment is present on the surface which decomposes at 565 K to produce gaseous dihydrogen. The butane, butene, and dihydrogen incorporate surface deuterium. The proposed mechanism for this reaction is initial hydrogenation of one of the ..cap alpha..-carbon atoms with accompanying C-S bond scission.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the hydroxyl radical rate constants using a relative rate procedure in which the photolysis of methyl nitrite was the source of OH, and provided room temperature OH rate constants for six chlorinated hydrocarbons (allyl chloride, benzyl chloride, chlorobenzene, epichlorohydrin, trichloroethylene, and vinylidene chloride).
Abstract: A study was conducted to measure the hydroxyl radical rate constants using a relative rate procedure in which the photolysis of methyl nitrite was the source of OH. During the course of this study, the OH rate constant was measured for a number of chlorinated solvents for which measurements have not previously been reported or for which there are few reliable measurements. Room temperature OH rate constants are presented for six chlorinated hydrocarbons (allyl chloride, benzyl chloride, chlorobenzene, epichlorohydrin, trichloroethylene, and vinylidene chloride) and four oxygenated hydrocarbons (acrolein, methacrolein, methyl ethyl ketone, and propylene oxide). Also included are OH rate constants for alkanes (ethane, propane, isobutane, and cyclohexane), alkenes (trans−2-butene and isoprene), and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, o−, m−, and p-xylene). Rate constants for compounds not previously reported include vinylidene chloride (1.49 ± 0.21 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) and benzyl chloride (2.96 ± 0.15 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1). The analysis for chlorinated hydrocarbons included a correction for possible chlorine atom reactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Gif system as discussed by the authors is based on the idea of an iron catalyst which is reduced by electron transfer and oxidized by molecular oxygen simultaneously in the presence of a source of protons.
Abstract: Various systems for the selective oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons have been developed. These are based on the idea of an iron catalyst which is reduced by electron transfer and oxidized by molecular oxygen simultaneously in the presence of a source of protons. Four modifications of this system (the Gif system) have been devised of which the best (Gif IV) consists of an iron catalyst with metallic zinc as the reductant, acetic acid as the proton source and pyridine as the solvent. At room temperature, using oxygen or air saturated hydrocarbons are oxidized selectively to ketones in isolated yields superior to those reported for comparable model systems.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, sedimentary organic matter from several geologic environments and ages which are enriched in uranium (56 ppm to 12%) have been characterized using three analytical techniqyes: pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.


Patent
30 Jul 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method for the aromatisation of methane rich hydrocarbon feedstock by contact with a gallium loaded zeolite containing a Group VIIB metal or metal compound as catalyst.
Abstract: This invention relates to the aromatisation of methane rich hydrocarbon feedstock by contact with a gallium loaded zeolite containing a Group VIIB metal or metal compound as catalyst. The preferred metal is rhenium. The reaction proceeds at a temperature between 600-800°C in the absence of oxygen. The reaction products are useful as gasoline blending components.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Pd-lanthanum (Pd-La) catalyst was found to be more active for NO reduction than a pd catalyst under the reducing conditions found in engine exhaust gas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a supercritical fluid chromatography and flame ionization detection was performed for gasoline group separation with a Silica microbore (1 mm I) and supercritical liquid chromatography.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reaction of carbon dioxide, diethylamine, and hex-1-yne(1a) or phenylacetylene (1b), catalysed by Ru3(CO)12, gave the vinyl carbamates (2a), (3a) and (4a).
Abstract: The reaction of carbon dioxide, diethylamine, and hex-1-yne(1a) or phenylacetylene (1b), catalysed by Ru3(CO)12, gave the vinyl carbamates (2a), (3a) and (4a) or (2b) and (3b).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a voltammetriques de la reduction of l'anthraquinone, de l'antiqueraquinone sulfonate-2, and of the disulfone disulfonate 2,6, dans des solutions aqueuses et alcooliques, in presence of tetraethylammonium, avec formation of dianions.
Abstract: Etudes voltammetriques de la reduction de l'anthraquinone, de l'anthraquinone sulfonate-2 et de l'anthraquinone disulfonate-2,6, dans des solutions aqueuses et alcooliques, en presence d'hydroxyde de tetraethylammonium, avec formation de dianions

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1986-Carbon
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied carbon deposition of benzene on iron at 550-700°C with 0-1 atm hydrogen in the carrier gas and showed that the surface of Fe3C is essentially inactive for benzene decomposition, but a metallic surface is maintained resulting in a high activity and hence an accelerating effect by H2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the leachability of chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorophenols and light aromatic compounds was studied for three typical Norwegian soils, and good correlations between soil adsorption constants (Koc) and water solubility were obtained.

PatentDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for maintaining low effluent ammonia contents while reducing nitrogen oxides in an effluent from the combustion of a carbonaceous fuel under oxygen-rich conditions which minimize the production of carbon-based pollutants is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, high conversions of alkanes into alcohols and ketones were obtained by using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and a Mn-prophyrin as the catalyst in the presence of imidazole.
Abstract: High conversions of alkanes into alcohols and ketones were obtained by using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and a Mn-prophyrin as the catalyst in the presence of imidazole; yields between 40 and 85% for oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclo-octane, adamantane, and various compounds containing a benzylic C-H bond by diluted aqueous H2O2 were obtained within 2 h at 20°C without significant destruction of the catalyst.

Patent
12 Dec 1986
TL;DR: In this article, high purity methane is recovered from a fuel gas stream containing the same in admixture with mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide by first removing the carbon dioxide via selective adsorption in a PSA system and separating the remaining nitrogen from the methane by cryogenic distillation.
Abstract: OF THE DISCLOSURE High purity methane is recovered from a fuel gas stream containing the same in admixture with mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide by first removing the carbon dioxide by selective adsorption in a PSA system and separating the remaining nitrogen from the methane by cryogenic distilla-tion the rejected nitrogen being employed for purging the CO2-laden ad-sorbent beds of the PSA system. Cyclic regeneration of the sorbent-laden bed may entail nitrogen purge with or without including a carbon dioxide rinse or the nitrogen purge of the sorbent-laden bed may be used in conbination with pressure let-down by gas withdrawal into one or more companion beds.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, optical emission spectroscopy was applied to study the glow discharge in hydrocarbons used for the deposition of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a•C:H).
Abstract: Optical emission spectroscopy was applied to study the rf glow discharge in hydrocarbons used for the deposition of amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a‐C:H). The optical data in conjunction with mass spectrometric measurements show that the species found in the glow region are very specific for the hydrocarbon used (e.g., benzene), but they are not directly related to the structure of the a‐C:H film deposited. In the vicinity of the negatively self‐biased cathode strong emission from CH is observed, irrespective of which hydrocarbon is used. The excited CH radicals are shown to result from fragmentation of the impacting hydrocarbon molecules. We conclude that this fragmentation upon impact is the key mechanism for the formation of hard a‐C:H, irrespective of the type of hydrocarbon used for the deposition.

Patent
20 Jun 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen is converted to a liquid hydrocarbon by contacting synthesis gas under conversion conditions with a catalyst prepared by subjecting a cobalt carbonyl-impregnated alumina or silica support to an activation procedure at a temperature not exceeding 500° C.
Abstract: Synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen is converted to a liquid hydrocarbon by contacting the synthesis gas under conversion conditions with a catalyst prepared by subjecting a cobalt carbonyl-impregnated alumina or silica support to an activation procedure at a temperature not exceeding 500° C. comprising, in sequence, (A) reduction in hydrogen, (B) oxidation in an oxygen-containing gas, and (C) reduction in hydrogen.

Patent
17 Apr 1986
TL;DR: A coal pyrolysis technique or process is described in this paper in which particulate coal is pyroized in the presence of about 5 to 21 wt. % of a calcium compound selected from calcium oxide, calcined (hydrate) dolomite, or calcined calcium hydrate to produce a high quality hydrocarbon liquid and a combustible product gas which are characterized by low sulfur content.
Abstract: A coal pyrolysis technique or process is described in which particulate coal is pyrolyzed in the presence of about 5 to 21 wt. % of a calcium compound selected from calcium oxide, calcined (hydrate) dolomite, or calcined calcium hydrate to produce a high quality hydrocarbon liquid and a combustible product gas which are characterized by low sulfur content. The pyrolysis is achieved by heating the coal-calcium compound mixture at a relatively slow rate at a temperature of about 450° to 700° C. over a duration of about 10 to 60 minutes in a fixed or moving bed reactor. The gas exhibits an increased yield in hydrogen and C 1 -C 8 hydrocarbons and a reduction in H 2 S over gas obtainable by pyrolyzing cola without the calcium compound. The liquid product obtained is of a sufficient quality to permit its use directly as a fuel and has a reduced sulfur and oxygen content which inhibits polymerization during storage.