Showing papers on "Hydrogen storage published in 1979"

Metal hydride technology

Abstract: A promising alternative for hydrogen storage is storage as a metal hydride. The properties and applications of those systems which have proven or potential utility as hydrogen storage compounds are summarized. Specific systems discussed are magnesium alloy hydrides, iron-titanium alloys, titanium-chromium alloys, and rare earth alloys. (LK)

Hydrogen absorption-desorption characteristics of mischmetal-nickel-aluminum alloys

Abstract: The hydrogen absorption and desorption characteristics of mischmetal (Mm)-nickel-aluminum alloys were investigated. MmNi5−xAlx (x = 0.25 −0.5) have been found to have the same hexagonal structure as LaNi5 and MmNi5, and they reacted readily with hydrogen to form the hydrides MmNi4.75 Al0.25H5.4, MmNi4.65Al0.35H 5.3H5.3 and MmNi4.5Al0.5H4.9 (hydrogen content: 1.3,1.2 and 1.2 wt.%, respectively) under 60 atm hydrogen pressure at room temperature. The dissociation pressures of these hydrides were dependent on the aluminum content (aluminum partially substitutes for nickel) and the value of log Pbecame lower than the value for MmNi5 hydride as x increased. The enthalpy change on hydride formation as determined from the dissociation isotherms for the MmNi4.5Al0.5-H system was − 5.5 kcal (mol H2)−1; this value was smaller than those for LaNi5 and MmNi5. The dissociation pressure at 30 °C was 3 atm and was nearly the same as that of LaNi5. The desorption rate of hydrogen for MmNi4.5Al0.5 was larger than those for LaNi5 and MmNi5) and a value of 2.1 – 4.3 kcal mol−1 was obtained for the apparent activation energy of hydrogen desorption. For MmNi4.5Al0.5 the hydrogen absorption-desorption cycle was repeated 30 times, but no variation in the hydrogen absorption-desorption capacity was observed. The hydride of MmNi4.5A10.5 proved to be suitable for use as a stationary hydrogen storage material.

Underground hydrogen storage. Final report. [Salt caverns, excavated caverns, aquifers and depleted fields]

Abstract: The technical and economic feasibility of storing hydrogen in underground storage reservoirs is evaluated. The past and present technology of storing gases, primarily natural gas is reviewed. Four types of reservoirs are examined: salt caverns, excavated caverns, aquifers, and depleted fields. A technical investigation of hydrogen properties reveals that only hydrogen embrittlement places a limit on the underground storage by hydrogen. This constraint will limit reservoir pressures to 1200 psi or less. A model was developed to determine economic feasibility. After making reasonable assumptions that a utility might make in determining whether to proceed with a new storage operation, the model was tested and verified on natural gas storage. A parameteric analysis was made on some of the input parameters of the model to determine the sensitivity of the cost of service to them. Once the model was verified it was used to compute the cost of service of storing hydrogen in the four reservoir types. The costs of service for hydrogen storage ranged from 26 to 150% of the cost of the gas stored. The study concludes that it is now both safe and economic to store hydrogen in underground reservoirs.

Hydrogen storage apparatus

Abstract: A hydrogen storage container having at least one valved port is filled to about 75% of capacity with particles of low density material having a hydride forming metal coated on the surface of the particles by vapor or vacuum deposition. The density of the particle is on the order of 5% to 50% of the density of the metal coating thereon. Hydrogen gas is adsorbed into or released from the lattice structure of the hydride forming metal.

Hydrogen charged alloys of Zr(A{HD 1{31 x{b B{HD x{b ){hd 2 {b and method of hydrogen storage

Abstract: Hydrogen containing alloys of the formula Zr(A1-xBx)2 are disclosed in which A designates V, Mn or Cr, B designates Fe or Co, and x is between 0.05 and 0.9. Storage systems for hydrogen comprising such an alloy are also disclosed as well as a method for the controlled storage and release of hydrogen which comprises charging such an alloy with hydrogen and releasing the hydrogen at a desired predetermined rate by heating it to a certain predetermined temperature.

Method for operating a heating power plant and heating power plant for carrying out the method

Abstract: A heating power plant and a process for operating the power plant with the power plant containing a thermal power installation for producing mechanical motive energy for driving an energy supply device as well as waste heat which may be utlized for heating purposes in the power plant. The thermal power installation may be shut down or operated at slight partial loads during periods of low energy needs with hydrogen being introduced into a metal hydride storage device which is capable of absorbing hydrogen. At times of higher energy need the thermal power installation is kept in operation under greater load conditions and hydrogen is removed from a metal hydride storage device which is capable of releasing such hydrogen. The release enthalpy required for releasing the hydrogen is provided by waste heat from the thermal power installation or by ambient air.

Method of and cell for generating hydrogen

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen and oxygen or oxides wherein electrolysis ofn aqueous system is carried out using, in the cathode compartment of the electrolysis cell, a hydride-forming liquid metal, the resulting hydride being thermally decomposed to produce the hydrogen.

Composition for the storage of hydrogen and method of making the composition

Abstract: A magnesium powder composition for the reversible storage of hydrogen by absorption thereof in the magnesium to form the hydride which consists of an intimate mixture of magnesium powder and an inert powder which is stable under the conditions of formation and decomposition of the hydride. The stable inert powder, which prevents the agglomeration of the magnesium powder and maintains its hydrogen-storage capacity, is selected from the group which consists of metal powders such as manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper, metal alloy powders such as iron-zinc alloys, and the oxides, carbides or nitrides of magnesium, calcium, boron, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zinc, vanadium, chromium, manganese and iron. The mixture is formed by intimately grinding the magnesium and inert powders together.

Titanium alloy composition and method for the storage of hydrogen

Abstract: A titanium-iron-type alloy for the storage of hydrogen having an atomic composition corresponding to the formula Tiw Fex M'y M"z in which M' is a substituent for iron from the transition metals of group Vb or group VIb of the periodic system, M" is another iron substituent selected from the group which consists of nickel and manganese but which is nickel when M' is chromium and y and z are each between 0.01 and 0.2; w, representing the atomic concentration of titanium is at least equal to the sum x+y+z. The alloy can be charged with hydrogen, stored and desorbed from hydrogen.

Hydrogen storage container

Abstract: PURPOSE:To uniformize void, by a method wherein a hydrogen storage container is filled with an alloy for hydrogen storage, formed in a shape conforming to the internal shape of a container, without crushing thereof. CONSTITUTION:A cylindrical container body 10 is formed by an alloy 11 for hydrogen storage, a hydrogen gas outlet and inlet 12, a sintered metal 13, and quartz wool 14. The sintered metal 13 and the quartz wool 14 form a filter which prevents powder, pulverized through hydrogenation of the alloy, from leak past the container 10 through the hydrogen outlet and inlet 12 to the outside. The internal shape of the container 10 is a column, and thus, the alloy 11 is cast in a column by means of a casting mold. Further, the upper opening of the container is sealed by welding by the use of a mirror plate 16 having the same material as that of the container.

Mmni55xalx base metal alloy for hydrogen storage

Abstract: PURPOSE:Aluminum is substituted for a portion of nickel in a mischmtalnickel alloy to provide a polyalloy that is capable of occlusing a sufficient amount of hydrogen and releasing it at a moderate condition so as to be useful as an inexpensive, highly practical, stationary alloy for hydrogen storage. CONSTITUTION:A mischmetal base polyalloy having a general formula MmNi5- xAlx (where Mm represents a mischmetal and x is 0.01 to 1) consisting of 93% of a mixture of light rate earth metals, 5% of iron and 2% of magnesium, silicon and others, is used as an alloy for hydrogen storage. Such hydrogen storage alloy is advantageously used in the form of powder to be filled in a proper container and activated by a compressed hydrogen of 50kg/cm or greater, at room temperature. The activated alloy, when impressed by a hydrogen pressure more than dissociation equilibrium pressure of hydride between-30 deg.C and room temperature , forms into a metal hydride, which efficiently releases hydrogen when heated above room temperature of exposet to a reduced pressure.

Fetimn alloy granulate in a pressure container for storage of hydrogen and deuterium

Abstract: Oxygen is incorporated into an FeTiMn granulate in an amount sufficient to form double oxides of titanium and manganese therein, but insufficient to form oxides containing iron. As the result, the granules are embrittled, favoring the formation of microcracks to such an extent that activation of the granules by hydrogen takes place, after initial evacuation, at room temperature, after which the granulate can be used in a pressure container for storage and discharge of hydrogen and/or deuterium over long periods of operation. The oxygen content is to be kept in an atomic ratio with reference to the manganese content of the alloy lying between 1:3 and 1:3.5 and the ratio of titanium not bound by formation of a metal oxide to the iron should be equal to or greater than 1:1 on an atomic basis, with the FeTi content of the alloy constituting 90 to 95% by weight of the alloy.

Photoelectrochemical cell with in-situ storage using hydrogen storage electrodes

Abstract: of the Disclosure Discloses a photoelectrochemical system comprising an n type photoelectrode, means associated with said photo-electrode for storing charges produced at the interface of the photoelectrode and an electrolyte and a hydrogen storage electrode in contact with a hydrogen-containing electrolyte.

Process for storing of hydrogen and the use thereof, particularly in engines

Abstract: The invention relates to the storing of hydrogen in hydrides of metallic alloys. These alloys include besides magnesium an element chosen from the lanthanides and/or element of group IIa of the periodic classification of elements. The magnesium may be, furthermore, possibly substituted among others by a transition metal. These alloys allow the reactivity of the magnesium to be increased in relation to the hydrogen during the hydrogen absorption process as shown by the curves of FIG. 1. Application: supplying hydrogen engines or other hydrogen energy receiving or transforming means with hydrogen.

Mischmetal-nickel-iron hydrogen storage compound

Abstract: of the Disclosure Discloses a hydridable compound of the general formula MNix-yFey, where M is mischmetal, x is a number between 4.5 and 5.5 and y is a number between about 0.1 and 1.3.

Hydrogen storage properties and characteristics of rare earth compounds

Abstract: The characteristics of rare earth intermetallic compounds that absorb sufficient hydrogen to be of interest for energy storage purposes were surveyed, and the status of the materials technology and their application's potential reported. All of the properties pertinent to viable hydrogen energy storage are discussed. Hydrogen appears more and more to be an attractive alternative energy carrier with hydride storage as a key element in systems approaches. Some of the current and projected near-term applications are catalogued. Industrial participation is beginning to emerge and shows good potential for expansion. The rare earth compounds and alloys are playing an important role in this evolutionary process. The criteria of hydride formation are described, and the current knowledge of predictive approaches are outlined. The rare earths show promise in adjusting and modifying storage properties of intermetallic compounds that hydride. The interstitial hole size-stability correlation developed in our laboratories has demonstrated itself to be a very useful and important tool in this respect.

Enhanced terminal solubilities for hydrogen in niobium alloyed with vanadium, titanium and molybdenum

Abstract: The terminal solubility for hydrogen (TSH) as a function of temperature (hydrogen solvus) was determined resistometrically for a number of niobium alloys containing vanadium, titanium, or molybdenum. For all cases investigated, addition of the substitutional metal solute atoms to Nb greatly enhanced the TSH. A trapping model, in which intersitital hydrogen is localized adjacent to or near metal solute sites, could explain the enhanced TSH's. Electronic effects, as well as the atom-size mismatch of metal solutes, must be taken into account to explain the relative magnitudes of the TSH enhancements. In addition, anomalous isotope effects were observed in the terminal solubility when deuterium was substituted for hydrogen.

Enhancement of low grade heat via the HYCSOS chemical heat pump

Abstract: The Argonne HYCSOS system is a thermally driven chemical heat pump based on two metal hydrides with different free energies of formation that functions in heating, cooling and energy conversion modes Hydrogen is transferred by means of thermal gradients from one hydride bed to another and the heat released on hydride formation or absorbed on hydride decomposition is available for heating or cooling purposes With three beds of the same hydride cycling between a higher temperature and a lower one, a continuous supply of high pressure hydrogen can be generated, do useful work in an expansion engine-dynamo unit supplying electricity and then be absorbed on the alloy at a lower temperature An interesting mode of HYCSOS operation is made feasible by the recent development of a series of ternary alloys whose hydrogen decomposition pressures at a given temperature can be varied by several orders of magnitude By proper choice of pairs of alloys with properties suitable for the available temperature regime, low grade solar energy, such as can be obtained from inexpensive flat plate collectors in northern climes with low levels of insolation, can be enhanced to provide domestic hot water Using the LaNi/sub 5/ and CaNi/sub 5/ currently inmore » the HYCSOS system, 34 kcal of thermal energy raised the temperature of water from 39/sup 0/C to 66/sup 0/C« less

Iron-titanium-niobium alloy

Abstract: OF THE DISCLOSURE An iron-titanium-niobium alloy of the following formula FexNbyTiz (I) wherein x + y + z = 1, 0.50 ? x ? 0.40, and 0.10 ? y ? 0.005; and its hydride. Contacting of the iron-titanium-niobium alloy with high-pressure hydrogen gas at room temperature results in its conversion to a hydride. The hydride has the property of easily releasing hydrogen. Thus, the iron-titanium-niobium alloy is useful as a hydrogen storage medium.

Technologies and economics of small-scale hydrogen storage. [Pressurized gas, cryogenic liquid, hydride, and microballoon]

Abstract: Presently available and future fixed-site hydrogen storage technologies are examined, to identify the minimum cost storage technique for various combinations of quantity, cycling frequency and parasitic energy costs. The forms studied are, pressurized gas, cryogenic liquid, hydride, and microballoon storage. For each form, installed capital cost, filling and emptying equipment costs and parasitic energy costs are developed and parameterized by electric rates. The energy intensive systems are economical for long-term cycling (seasonal storage) but unfavorable for short term (daily cycling). Low-pressure gas storage is favored for short term and intermediate term storage. Development of microballoon storage is recommended as a possible low-cost long-term storage option.

Heat transfer enhancement in metal hydride systems

Abstract: The Brookhaven National Laboratory, Department of Energy and Environment has been engaged in finding solutions to the engineering problems associated with the storage of hydrogen as metal hydrides - principally iron-titanium hydride. The thermal conductivity in beds of fine particles, whatever their composition, is inherently poor. This paper reports on attempts to enhance the heat transfer by the addition of small fractions of high conductivity materials in various configurations. The results indicate that the form of the enhancement material rather than its composition is the more critical factor.

Hydrogen technology - An overview

Abstract: This paper surveys briefly the key technologies needed for hydrogen to make major inroads into the U.S. energy economy as a fuel derived from renewable or abundant nonfossil resources. In addition, the unique relationship between hydrogen and the fuel cell is discussed. The state-of-the-art of hydrogen transmission and storage are presented, and a scenario shows how the commercialization of the fuel cell as an electric-generating device in urban areas could lead to the introduction and use of hydrogen in a wider variety of end uses. At the present time there is a great deal of international interest in hydrogen. A broad picture of the activities of a number of western European countries and Japan in the area of hydrogen and a summary of international interest in this area is presented.

Method of storing hydrogen

Abstract: There is described an alloy metal hydride for storing and releasing hydrogen at predetermined temperatures and pressures intended for storing and transporting said hydrogen and also for use as a hydrogen supply source of a fuel cell and fuel electrode. The alloy of this invention consists of 30 to 80 percent by weight Ti and 20 to 70 percent by weight Mn having a high dissociation pressure, easy hydrogen activation, low heat of formation of hydrides and a very fast rate of absorption and desorption, also the alloy is of light weight and of low cost, therefore being of great industrial use.