Showing papers on "Hydrogen storage published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the variation of the surface composition of FeTi upon activation in the high-pressure cell of a photoelectron spectrometer and showed that the initially passivating surface oxide is converted into a mixture of TiO2 and Fe by surface segregation and chemical reduction.
Abstract: FeTi is an interesting hydrogen storage material which has to be activated at ≈670 K for the absorption of hydrogen. We review critically the great number of previously published results and models on this activation process and emphasize the controversial points. To eliminate the controversy we analysed the variation of the surface composition of FeTi upon activation in the high-pressure cell of a photoelectron spectrometer. The initially passivating surface oxide is shown to be converted into a mixture of TiO2 and Fe by surface segregation and chemical reduction. No evidence for the formation of Fe2Ti4O
x
, FeTiO
x
, and TiH
x
is found. H2/D2 exchange reactions show that H2 dissociates rapidly on Fe and FeTi, but not on TiO2. The surface of FeTi is activated easily at 670 K. Difficulties encountered with the initial hydrogen absorption by virgin high purity FeTi are probably related to bulk (H diffusion, fracture toughness) rather than surface properties.
152 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the hydrogenation characteristics of fine magnesium powder during repeated cycling has been performed using a high-pressure microbalance facility, and no effect was found from the cycling regarding kinetics and storage capacity.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of metal hydrides as reversible hydrogen electrodes is discussed, and the feasibility of electrochemical utilization of metal hydroxide with reversible electrodes is investigated.
Abstract: Fundamental and applied works involving the electrochemical utilization of metal hydrides are reviewed. In the first part of the paper, studies that investigated metal hydrides for hydrogen storage in nickel-hydrogen batteries are reviewed. These studies showed that use of hydrides lowered the operating pressures in nickel hydrogen cells, which could lead to improved energy density. However, results regarding degradation of the hydriding material in an aqueous medium were conflicting. In the second part of the paper, the use of metal hydrides as reversible hydrogen electrodes is discussed. Studies reviewed included thermodynamic and kinetic investigations of a variety of hydriding materials. Conflicting results among studies are reconciled where possible, and conclusions are drawn regarding the feasibility of electrochemical utilization of metal hydrides, with suggestions for further work.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of the action of hydrogen has been carried out on all alloys corresponding to an x = 0.25 formulation, and the results show that hydrogen absorption is reversible and after dissociation of the hydride the starting material is regenerated except for copper.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the hydrogen absorption-desorption characteristics of the alloy Ti1 + xCr2−yMny (0.1 ⩽ x⩽ 0.3; 0.5 µm y µm 0.8 µm 1 µm 2 µm ) and showed that the reversible hydrogen storage capacity decreased with decreasing manganese content while the plateau pressure increased.
Abstract: Fundamental studies were performed with the aim of developing hydrides of titanium-based alloys with suitable properties for hydrogen and energy storage applications. We investigated the hydrogen absorption-desorption characteristics of the alloy Ti1 + xCr2−yMny (0.1 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.3; 0 ⩽ y ⩽ 1). The rate of the initial activation process increased as x was increased, but the reversible hydrogen storage capacity decreased. Ti1 + xCr2−yMny reacted readily with hydrogen to form hydrides at a hydrogen pressure of 40 atm and −20 °C. The reversible hydrogen storage capacity of Ti1.2Cr2−yMny decreased with decreasing manganese content while the plateau pressure increased. The hysteresis in the absorption-desorption isotherms decreased markedly for titanium concentrations in the range 0.2 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.3 and for manganese concentrations in the range 0.5 ⩽ y ⩽ 0.8.
42 citations
TL;DR: Sandwich films were prepared by vapour deposition on quartz crystals or polycrystalline aluminium foil, eg quartz/V(1 μm)/Pd(100 nm) and Al(20 μm) as discussed by the authors, where vanadium films can be hydrided almost reversibly from the gas phase within seconds to VH05 at 300 K and a hydrogen pressure of 1 bar.
Abstract: Sandwich films were prepared by vapour deposition on quartz crystals or polycrystalline aluminium foil, eg quartz/V(1 μm)/Pd(100 nm) and Al(20 μm)/Pd(100 nm) /V(10 μm)/Pd(100 nm) The vanadium films can be hydrided almost reversibly from the gas phase within seconds to VH05 at 300 K and a hydrogen pressure of 1 bar and within 1 min to VH18 at 300 K and a hydrogen pressure of 30 bar The known phase diagrams of the V-H2 system were reproduced The Al/Pd/V/Pd films were used in prototype hydrogen storage containers: a 2% mass fraction of hydrogen was stored, similar to TiFe hydride storage, but a much higher heat exchange rate was attained
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was found that the cocondensation of magnesium atoms with tetrahydrofuran vapour on a cooled surface leads to the formation of magnesium aggregates which are exceptionally active for hydrogen absorption under mild conditions.
Abstract: It was found that the cocondensation of magnesium atoms with tetrahydrofuran vapour on a cooled surface (77 K) leads to the formation of magnesium aggregates which are exceptionally active for hydrogen absorption under mild conditions. The active magnesium clusters immediately began to absorb hydrogen without the conventional activation treatments even at about 473 K under atmospheric pressures. The present study is concerned with the evaluation of the magnesium clusters formed in low temperature matrices as a hydrogen storage medium. Further, attention is directed towards changes in the surface properties of magnesium caused by treating it with aromatic molecules in connection with the process of hydrogen absorption.
29 citations
TL;DR: The ZrMn1 + xFe1 + y−H2 systems with x,y = 0.11-0.53 and x + y ⩽ 0.64 were studied as a function of composition, temperature, and hydrogen dissociation pressure (0.01-50 atm) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The ZrMn1 + xFe1 + y−H2 systems with x,y = 0.11-0.53 and x + y ⩽ 0.64 were studied as a function of composition, temperature (0–200 °C) and hydrogen dissociation pressure (0.01–50 atm). The hyperstoichiometric manganese and iron appear to substitute at the zirconium sites with a net effect of raising the vapor pressure of their hydrides to 500–1500 times that of ZrMn2 hydride. The ZrMn1.27Fe1.58 alloy does not absorb measurable quantities of hydrogen, presumably because of the very high vapor pressure of its hypothetical hydride. The hydrides of ZrMn1.22Fe1.11 and ZrMn1.11Fe1.22 alloys have dissociation pressures in the range of 1–2 atm at room temperature. The hydrogen capacities of these alloys are quite high, e.g. about 185 cm3 g−1. Enthalpies and entropies of dehydrogenation, obtained from a van't Hoff plot of ln pH2versus 1/T, are very low, being 9.8–13.4 kJ (mol H2)−1 and 42–53 J (mol H2)−1 K−1 respectively. The kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption are extremely fast.
29 citations
TL;DR: Porous compacts containing CaNi 5 as hydrogen storage material and Al, Cu or Ni as admixed metals were prepared and the influence of composition, compacting pressure and heat treatment on the storage capacity and cycling behaviour of the pellets was investigated by hydrogen absorption/desorption measurements as mentioned in this paper.
28 citations
TL;DR: The TiFe1−xNix-H system showed properties which make it suitable for heat pump or heat storage applications at temperatures from 100 to 200 °C as discussed by the authors. But the system can be modified by substituting or adding a small amount of a fourth metal M. The hydrogen absorption properties of the modified system were investigated and showed that vanadium has a marked effect on activation but produces little change in the dissociation pressure, the hydrogen storage capacity or the plateau slope and hysteresis of the hydrogen absorption-desorption isotherms.
Abstract: The TiFe1−xNix-H system shows properties which make it suitable for heat pump or heat storage applications at temperatures from 100 to 200 °C. This system can be modified by substituting or adding a small amount of a fourth metal M. The hydrogen absorption properties of the modified system TiFe1−xNiyMz (M V, Nb; 0 < x < 0.3; 0 < y < 0.3; 0 < z < 0.1) were investigated. The addition of vanadium has a marked effect on activation but produces little change in the dissociation pressure, the hydrogen storage capacity or the plateau slope and hysteresis of the hydrogen absorption-desorption isotherms. Similar observations were made when the additive was niobium.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, storage units containing LaNi46Al04 as hydrogen storage material were tested with regard to their dynamic behaviour in energy conversion systems for hydrogen absorption of a single storage unit at 286 K, a half reaction time of 90 s was found at a constant hydrogen pressure of 50 bar.
Abstract: Storage units containing LaNi46Al04 as hydrogen storage material were tested with regard to their dynamic behaviour in energy conversion systems For hydrogen absorption of a single storage unit at 286 K, a half-reaction time of 90 s was found at a constant hydrogen pressure of 50 bar The dynamic “quasi-isotherms” showed an increasing hysteresis with increasing hydrogen sorption rates In a dual-hydride bed assembly (chemical compressor) the hydrogen flow, the total hydrogen flow and the hydrogen pressure were measured at various half-cycle times with water at 286 and 353 K The calculation of the operating characteristics of such a system based on the experimental data shows that the efficiency of energy conversion decreases with increasing hydrogen flow
TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering has been used to study the hydrogen diffusion in the multi-component Laves phase hydride Ti0.8Zr0.2CrMnH3, one of the most promising hydrogen storage materials for technical applications.
Abstract: High-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering has been used to study the hydrogen diffusion in the multi-component Laves phase hydride Ti0.8Zr0.2CrMnH3, one of the most promising hydrogen storage materials for technical applications. The data analysis is complicated by multiple scattering which, even with only moderately scattering samples, leads to a fictitious line broadening at small momentum transfers and considerably hinders the determination of diffusion coefficients. An evaluation procedure is presented which allows for the necessary multiple scattering corrections independent of details of the single diffusive steps. In the temperature range of the study, 230-360K, the hydrogen self-diffusion coefficient in Ti0.8Zr0.2CrMnH3 obeys the Arrhenius law: D=(3+or-1)*10-4 cm2 s-1 exp(-(220+or-20) meV/kBI). This comparatively fast hydrogen diffusion is not the rate determining step in the absorption and desorption kinetics.
TL;DR: In this article, the hydrogen absorption capacity of the Mg51Zn20 intermetallic compound was investigated and the equilibrium pressures at 300, 330 and 380°C were found to be 3.6, 8.05 and 31.0 atm, respectively.
Patent•
17 Nov 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to increase the oxidation resistant property of a negative electrode and to improve the stabity of the cell internal pressure and the cycle life by mixing a metallic condition of nickel layer and cobalt layer, and an oxide layer of at least one component of the alloy components.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To increase the oxidation-resistant property of a negative electrode and to improve the stabity of the cell internal pressure and the cycle life by mixing a metallic condition of nickel layer and cobalt layer, and an oxide layer of at least one component of the alloy components to the surface of the alloy powder of a hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode. CONSTITUTION: To the surface of a hydrogen storage alloy, not the alloy condition of nickel and cobalt, but a metallic condition of nickel layer and cobalt layer, and an oxide layer of La, Ce, Co, Mn, or the like which is at least one component of the alloy components are mixed, and a hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode including these powders and a binder, and a nickel oxide positive electrode are contacted closely through a separator to form an electrode body, which is housed in a battery container, and an electrolyte is poured and sealed. As a result, at the oxidation-resistant property in the electrolyte, and in an overcharged condition, the resistance to oxidation to the oxygen gas generated from the positive electrode is increased, and the service life of the battery is improved. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO&Japio
Patent•
20 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this article, active, reversibly H2 absorbing magnesium hydride/magnesium hydrogen storage systems are prepared by doping a metal complex or an organometallic compound of a metal from subgroup IV to VIII of the periodic table with the corresponding transition metal.
Abstract: Active, reversibly H2-absorbing magnesium hydride/magnesium hydrogen storage systems are prepared by doping magnesium hydride or metallic magnesium in finely divided form by contact with a solution of a metal complex or an organometallic compound of a metal from subgroup IV to VIII of the periodic table, if appropriate in the presence of hydrogen, with the corresponding transition metal.
Patent•
25 Apr 1983
TL;DR: A hydride storage for hydrogen comprises a preferably tubular solid casing for the storage material in the interior of the casing, bounded by a wall of a fabric, particularly metallic fabric, through which the hydrogen penetrates into and out of the material.
Abstract: A hydride storage for hydrogen comprises a preferably tubular solid casing for the storage material In the interior of the casing, the storage material is bounded by a wall of a fabric, particularly metallic fabric, through which the hydrogen penetrates into, and out of, the material Preferably, a highly elastic conduit (tubular body) permeable to gas and made of a metallic fabric is embedded in the storage material
TL;DR: The addition of zirconium as the third element and niobium as a fourth element in the concentration range 0.5-5 at.% improves the ease with which FeTi can be activated.
Abstract: The difficulty experienced in activating FeTi is a disadvantage in its practical application as a hydrogen storage material. The addition of zirconium as a third element and niobium as a fourth element in the concentration range 0.5–5 at.% improves the ease with which FeTi can be activated. Thus it is now possible to activate this alloy at a hydrogen pressure of 20–30 atm and room temperature.
TL;DR: In this paper, the transport and storage of merchant hydrogen in different modes (compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, glass microspheres, cryoadsorption, encapsulation, metal hydrides and chemically bound hydrogen) are compared and discussed with regard to their storage densities and cost.
TL;DR: In this article, the physical and mathematical modeling of the metal hydride hydrogen storage beds considered in the RET 1 computer code is described and the numerical solution of the associated mass and heat transfer problem is discussed.
01 Aug 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a 4-stage metal hydride/hydrogen compressor that uses low temperature hot water (75/sup 0/C) as its energy source has been built and tested.
Abstract: A novel 4 stage metal hydride/hydrogen compressor that uses low temperature hot water (75/sup 0/C) as its energy source has been built and tested. The compressor utilizes a new hydride heat exchanger technique that has achieved fast cycling time (with 20/sup 0/C cooling water) on the order of 1 min. This refinement substantially decreases the size, weight and cost of the unit when compared to previous hydride compressors or even conventional mechanical diaphragm compressors.
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of zirconium pseudobinaries of the type Zr(BxB1-x′)2 demonstrate potential for application as hydrogen storage materials.
Abstract: A number of zirconium pseudobinaries of the type Zr(BxB1-x′)2 demonstrate potential for application as hydrogen storage materials. Pseudobinaries of the above type with B = Fe,Co, B ′ = Mn, Cr, andx =0.4, 0.5, 0.6 have been investigated here and their hydrogen storage characteristics are reported. These alloys exhibit two-phase microstructures, identified as the cubic and hexagonal Laves phases. Hydrogen is absorbed into interstitial sites in the lattice with maximum capacities approaching 1.0 H-atoms per metal atom. Hydrogen capacities and hydride stabilities decrease with ‘x’. Incomplete desorption has been observed in all instances.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The electrochemical production of hydrogen as an energy medium is becoming economically feasible as mentioned in this paper, and the technology is established; it is clean and requires no extra separation or purification of products; it generates suitable pressures for storage and can be used in a modular mode.
Abstract: The electrochemical production of hydrogen as an energy medium is becoming economically feasible. The technology is established; it is clean and requires no extra separation or purification of products; it generates suitable pressures for storage and can be used in a modular mode.
TL;DR: In this paper, a misch metal-nickel-manganese hydride storage reservoir (a unit cell) with an effective storage capacity of 1.6 m 3 of hydrogen was proposed.
Abstract: Fundamental research has been carried out on the development of the basic technology for a stationary hydrogen storage system using metal hydrides. We have built and tested a misch metal-nickel-manganese hydride storage reservoir (a unit cell), with an effective storage capacity of 1.6 m 3 of hydrogen. On the basis of the experiments, we have built and tested a stationary hydride reservoir for hydrogen storage constructed from many layers of the unit cells; this has a possible storage capacity of 16 m 3 of hydrogen.
Patent•
16 Nov 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a hydrogen rechargeable anode of a disordered non-equilibrium multicomponent material including one or more element forming a host matrix and at least one modifier element incorporated therein was proposed.
Abstract: A battery (10) utilizing a hydrogen rechargeable anode (16) of a disordered non-equilibrium multicomponent material including one or more element forming a host matrix and at least one modifier element incorporated therein. The anode (16) is capable of electrochemically absorbing hydrogen from an electrolyte (22) during application of a charging current thereto. The hydrogen is stored in the anode bulk until discharge is initiated, whereupon an electrical current is produced when the hydrogen is released. The battery (10) of the invention has attained high density energy storage, efficient reversibility, high electrical efficiency, bulk hydrogen storage without structural change or poisoning and hence long cycle life and deep discharge capability.
Patent•
13 Jun 1983TL;DR: In this article, a rare earth transition metal is used as a hydrogen absorbing material in the amorphous or metastable crystalline state to avoid the transition to a full-crystalline state.
Abstract: A nonequilibrium state material, typically a rare-earth-transition metal, for reversible hydrogen storage. A rare earth-transition metal such as a rare earth cobalt alloy, like a samarium-cobalt or a lanthanum-nickel alloy, is provided in the amorphous or metastable crystalline state as a hydrogen absorbing material, particularly for use in a hydrogen storage and retrieval system, such as a fluidized bed or stacked plate hydrogen storage cell. The rare-earth-transition metal material is rapidly cooled from the liquid state to avoid the transition to a full crystalline state thereby obtaining an amorphous or quasi-stable crystalline state material which has the property of enhanced hydrogen storage capacity as well as being substantially immune to fracturing.
TL;DR: In this paper, the integration of a solid-state halfcell, comprising a proton conducting membrane and a hydride forming metal, into a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell makes solar assisted electrolysis of water, and in situ storage of hydrogen feasible.
TL;DR: The structure of new hydrogen storage electrodes, consisting of TiMnx(x=0.5~1.75) and a binder, and their electrochemical properties are described in this article.
Abstract: The structure of new hydrogen storage electrodes, consisting of TiMnx(x=0.5~1.75) and a binder, and their electrochemical properties are described. Powdered Ti–Mn alloys were sintered with Ni powder used as a binder. When the electrode potential is higher than –1.075 V vs. Ag/AgCl, Ni is inactive and does not take part in the electrode reaction. The electrodes can be activated by repeating about 10 cycles of cathodic and anodic elecrolysis. The amount of absorbed hydrogen increases with decrease of Mn content. Because of the large current capacity, Ti–Mn promises to be an excellent elecrode for a battery with high energy density.
Patent•
19 Sep 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to provide control valves in communication passages connecting a lubricating oil heater with a hydrogen storage device to increase the temperature of the engine and reduce the friction loss of an engine.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To promptly increase the temperature of lubricating oil so as to reduce the friction loss of an engine, by providing control valves in communication passages connecting a lubricating oil heater, which heats the lubricating oil of the engine, with a hydrogen storage device which stores hydrogen. CONSTITUTION:A lubricating oil heater 4 contains a built-in metallic hydride MH1 which both generates heat by absorbing hydrogen to be stored and emits the absorptively stored hydrogen by heating from the outside. A hydrogen storage device 5 contains a built-in metallic hydride MH2 having a characteristic similar to that of the metallic hydride MH1 further with a high equilibrium decomposition pressure of hydrogen. Hydrogen control valves 8, 9 are provided in communication passages 6, 7 which connect the lubricating oil heater 4 with the hydrogen storage device 5. Hydrogen in the hydrogen storage device 5 is moved into the lubricating oil heater 4, and its absorptive storage causes the metallic hydride MH1 to generate heat and heat lubricating oil in an engine 1. In such way, a starting characteristic of the engine is improved, promoting its warming operation and reducing its fuel consumption because a friction loss of the engine can be reduced.
TL;DR: In this paper, a wide variety of commercial rare earth mixtures were used in the preparation of RNi5 alloys which were successfully evaluated for hydriding properties, and the hydrogen capacity exceeded [H] [M] = 1.0 for all samples tested and was found to be independent of the rare earth ratios.
Abstract: The production of low cost RNi5 (R ≡ rare earth) hydrogen storage compounds requires the effective utilization of low cost rare earth mixtures and their byproducts. In this study a wide variety of commercial rare earth mixtures was used in the preparation of RNi5 alloys which were successfully evaluated for hydriding properties. Blends of rare earth mixtures can be made to adjust hydride properties over wide ranges. Plateau pressures and hysteresis can be predicted well with linear regression equations involving cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium and neodymium weight fractions. The hydrogen capacity exceeded [H] [M] = 1.0 for all samples tested and was found to be independent of the rare earth ratios.
Patent•
14 Oct 1983TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a metal consisting ofTi-Fe-Mm which contains Mm in an atomic ratio in the range of from 0.015 to 0.4.
Abstract: Hydrogen storage metal material consisting ofTi-Fe-Mm which contains Mm in an atomic ratio in the range of from 0.015 to 0.1 with respect to Fe and optionally containing S in an atomic ratio in the range of from 0.004 to 0.4.