Showing papers on "Hydrogen storage published in 2022"

Hydrogen storage methods: Review and current status

Abstract: Fossil fuels comprising coal, crude oil, and natural gas are non-renewable and greatly harmful to the environment. Hydrogen, on the other hand, is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, due to its light weight and gaseous nature, it presents challenging problems of its storage, and the practical hydrogen storage is perhaps the biggest hurdle in the success of the hydrogen economy on a large scale. Hydrogen can be stored in a variety of physical and chemical methods. Each storage technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is the subject of this study to review the hydrogen storage strategies and to survey the recent developments in the field.

Porous materials for hydrogen storage

Abstract:

Summary

The development of efficient storage materials for hydrogen is important for the viable implementation of hydrogen-powered fuel-cell automobiles. In this review, we summarize progress toward the development of state-of-the-art porous materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks, porous organic polymers, carbon-based materials, and zeolites for hydrogen storage. In particular, we illustrate the fundamental considerations for the targeted design and synthesis of MOFs with better hydrogen storage performance aided by reticular chemistry and a simulation-aid strategy. Additionally, we highlight some progress related to porous-material-based composites with encapsulated hydrides of light elements (HLEs). Finally, we provide an outlook for the future path of porous materials as a viable technology for hydrogen storage, including the discovery of materials with improved gravimetric and volumetric storage capacities at ambient temperatures, the engineering of materials into practical gas vessels, and future commercialization.

Elucidating the Critical Role of Ruthenium Single Atom Sites in Water Dissociation and Dehydrogenation Behaviors for Robust Hydrazine Oxidation‐Boosted Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution

Abstract: Hydrazine oxidation (HzOR)‐assisted overall water splitting (OWS) provides a unique approach to energy‐efficient hydrogen production (HER). However, there are still major challenges in the design of bifunctional catalysts and gain deep insight into the mechanism of both water dissociation and dehydrogenation kinetics triggered by the same active species during HzOR‐assisted OWS. Here, ruthenium single atoms (Ru SAs) anchored onto sulphur‐vacancies of tungsten disulphide (WS2) are prepared by a sulfidation and facile galvanostatic deposition strategy. The WS2/Ru SAs act as a bifunctional catalyst and outperforms commercial platinum (Pt) catalysts for both HzOR and HER. Ultralow potentials of −74 and −32.1 mV at 10 mA cm−2 are achieved for HzOR and HER, respectively. Two‐electrode electrolyzer using WS2/Ru SAs as both anode and cathode reaches 10 mA cm−2 with cell voltage of only 15.4 mV, which is far below that of most electrocatalysts including commercial Pt. Density functional theory calculations unravel the critical role of Ru SAs in WS2, where the sluggish dissociation of water in HER can be promoted on Ru sites, and the sulfur sites of WS2 exhibit a more thermoneutral behavior for hydrogen intermediate adsorption. Moreover, Ru sites are also active centers for stepwise hydrazine dehydrogenation during HzOR.

A comprehensive review of the mechanisms and efficiency of underground hydrogen storage

Abstract: Underground Hydrogen Storage can be proven very beneficial for recurring supply of clean energy throughout the world. This paper reviews different challenges like microbial growth, well integrity, and geochemical reactions faced when hydrogen is stored in subsurface. The mechanisms involved in underground hydrogen storage, monitoring techniques and optimization of injection-withdrawal techniques are also analysed by incorporating both field and laboratory research studies. If the economics of any technology is not taken into account, it will not be deemed as a common technique. Keeping that in mind, the road map for the implementation and economic aspects of hydrogen storage are discussed. Lastly, conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented.

Towards underground hydrogen storage: A review of barriers

Abstract: The presented issues concern the analysis of barriers limiting large-scale underground hydrogen storage. Prospects for the rapid development of the hydrogen economy, the role of hydrogen in a carbon-neutral economy, and the production, use, and demand for hydrogen today and in the perspective of 2050 are indicated. The decreasing costs of producing ‘green’ hydrogen, rising prices of CO 2 emission allowances, and the development of carbon capture and storage technology will have a significant impact on the rapid deployment of underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Underground storage of large quantities of hydrogen from surplus renewable energy production is of interest to government institutions interested in the construction of hydrogen storage sites, geological services, large renewable energy sources electricity producers, and chemical and petrochemical plants. It offers the possibility of long-term, safe storage of this gas at relatively low costs. The prospect of quick implementation of UHS technology on an industrial scale is associated with the definition and overcoming of numerous barriers and obstacles that stand in its way today. Based on the recent literature, they are discussed in the present article. The following have been identified as significant barriers to the implementation of UHS: geological and reservoir constraints, technical and safety limitations, legal barriers, conflicts of interest, and social acceptance of underground hydrogen storage. The most important obstacles in this regard have been identified. • Interactions of H 2 with rocks and fluids in storage sites must be recognized. • The insufficiently recognized impact of hydrogen properties on storage safety. • The lack of H 2 storage regulations may inhibit the development of this technology. • Knowledge of underground H 2 storage is essential for public acceptance.

Two-dimensional Organic Supramolecule via Hydrogen Bonding and π-π Stacking for Ultrahigh Capacity and Long-Life Aqueous Zinc-Organic Batteries.

Abstract: Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising for next-generation energy storage. However, the reported electrode materials for ZIBs are facing the shortcomings including low capacity and unsatisfactory cycling stability etc. Herein, hexaazatrinaphthalene-quione (HATNQ) is reported for aqueous ZIBs. The HATNQ electrodes delivered an ultrahigh capacity (482.5 mAh g -1 at 0.2 A g -1 ) and outstanding cyclability of >10000 cycles at 5 A g -1 . The capacity sets new record for organic cathodes in aqueous ZIBs. The high performances are ascribed to the rich C=O and C=N groups that endowed HATNQ with 2D layered supramolecular structure by multiple hydrogen bonds in plane with π-π interactions out of plane, leading to enhanced charge transfer, insolubility, and rapid ion transport for fast-charge and -discharge batteries. Moreover, the 2D supramolecular structure boosted the storage of Zn 2+ /H + , particularly the storage of Zn 2+ , due to the more favorable O···Zn···N coordination in HATNQ.

Geological Hydrogen Storage: Geochemical Reactivity of Hydrogen with Sandstone Reservoirs

Abstract: The geological storage of hydrogen is necessary to enable the successful transition to a hydrogen economy and achieve net-zero emissions targets. Comprehensive investigations must be undertaken for each storage site to ensure their long-term suitability and functionality. As such, the systematic infrastructure and potential risks of large-scale hydrogen storage must be established. Herein, we conducted over 250 batch reaction experiments with different types of reservoir sandstones under conditions representative of the subsurface, reflecting expected time scales for geological hydrogen storage, to investigate potential reactions involving hydrogen. Each hydrogen experiment was paired with a hydrogen-free control under otherwise identical conditions to ensure that any observed reactions were due to the presence of hydrogen. The results conclusively reveal that there is no risk of hydrogen loss or reservoir integrity degradation due to abiotic geochemical reactions in sandstone reservoirs.

Role of Cushion Gas on Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Oil Reservoirs

Abstract: Hydrogen storage in underground structures is an appropriate way for keeping the balance between the energy production and consumption. Indeed, excessive electrical energy can be converted, through electrolysis, to chemical energy of hydrogen molecules, which can then be temporarily stored in underground structures. Later on, when the demand for energy rises, the process can be reversed to satisfy the demand. Hydrogen has distinctive characteristics compared to other gases. It possesses good potentials for energy generation and exhibits widely different behaviors in porous media. In the present study, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in a depleted oil reservoir was numerically simulated and the results were investigated. The UHS requires base or cushion gas to retain the reservoir pressure high enough as the hydrogen is being retrieved out of the reservoir. We herein studied gaseous forms of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane as candidate cushion gas. Various scenarios, in terms of the type and composition of the cushion gas flow, were simulated and the results were evaluated in terms of hydrogen recovery factor, unwanted fluid production, and hydrogen loss. Moreover, an attempt was made to present the mechanism of hydrogen behaviour based on different hydrodynamic reservoir phenomena, such as gravity segregation and overriding, under various scenarios. Our findings show that the maximum hydrogen recovery (89.7%) was anticipated when methane was injected as the cushion gas. In the absence of any cushion gas, the hydrogen loss was estimated at 15.5%. Prior to water breakthrough, the pressure buildup due to water injection was found to improve the hydrogen recovery in annual cycles, but the effect on the UHS performance was seen to be the opposite since after the water breakthrough.

A Green Hydrogen Energy System: Optimal control strategies for integrated hydrogen storage and power generation with wind energy

Abstract: The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar causes the energy supply to be less predictable leading to possible mismatches in the power network. To this end, hydrogen production and storage can provide a solution by increasing flexibility within the system. Stored hydrogen as compressed gas can either be converted back to electricity or it can be used as feed-stock for industry, heating for built environment, and as fuel for vehicles. This research is the first to examine optimal strategies for operating integrated energy systems consisting of renewable energy production and hydrogen storage with direct gas-based use-cases for hydrogen. Using Markov decision process theory, we construct optimal policies for day-to-day decisions on how much energy to store as hydrogen, or buy from or sell to the electricity market, and on how much hydrogen to sell for use as gas. We pay special emphasis to practical settings, such as contractually binding power purchase agreements, varying electricity prices, different distribution channels, green hydrogen offtake agreements, and hydrogen market price uncertainties. Extensive experiments and analysis are performed in the context of Northern Netherlands where Europe’s first Hydrogen Valley is being formed. Results show that gains in operational revenues of up to 51% are possible by introducing hydrogen storage units and competitive hydrogen market-prices. This amounts to a €126,000 increase in revenues per turbine per year for a 4.5 MW wind turbine. Moreover, our results indicate that hydrogen offtake agreements will be crucial in keeping the energy transition on track.

Formic Acid to Power towards Low‐Carbon Economy

Abstract: The storage and utilization of low‐carbon electricity and decarbonization of transportation are essential components for the future energy transition into a low‐carbon economy. While hydrogen has been identified as a potential energy carrier, the lack of viable technologies for safe and efficient storage and transportation of H2 greatly limits its applications and deployment at scale. Formic acid (FA) is considered one of the promising H2 energy carriers because of its high volumetric H2 storage capacity of 53 g H2/L, and relatively low toxicity and flammability for convenient and low‐cost storage and transportation. FA can be employed to generate electricity either in direct FA fuel cells (FCs) or indirectly as an H2 source for hydrogen FCs. FA can enable large‐scale chemical H2 storage to eliminate energy‐intensive and expensive processes for H2 liquefaction and compression and thus to achieve higher efficiency and broader utilization. This perspective summarizes recent advances in catalyst development for selective dehydrogenation of FA and high‐pressure H2 production. The advantages and limitations of FA‐to‐power options are highlighted. Existing life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis studies are reviewed to discuss the feasibility and future potential of FA as a fuel.

Optimal Energy Management of Hydrogen Energy Facility Using Integrated Battery Energy Storage and Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract: The production of renewable hydrogen using water electrolysis has emerged with the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources. The energy management system (EMS) plays a key role in the production of renewable hydrogen by controlling electrolyzer’s operating point to achieve operational and economical benefits. In this regard, this article introduces the optimal scheduling for an EMS model for a hydrogen production system integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery energy storage system (BESS) to satisfy electricity and hydrogen demands of an industrial hydrogen facility. The proposed EMS model aims to minimize the cost of hydrogen (CoH) production by minimizing the system net costs of industrial hydrogen facility while maintaining a reliable system operation. Furthermore, the proposed EMS model enables the application of seasonal hydrogen storage by incorporating the Z-score statistical measure of historical electricity prices, which follows seasonal electricity price trends. This allows the storage of hydrogen during periods of relatively low electricity prices. To demonstrate the validity of this model, it is tested for both intraseasonal and seasonal storage. Four case studies are used to prove the techno-economic benefits of the proposed EMS model. Furthermore, the impact of the electrolyzer’s capacity factor, the size of the hydrogen storage, and the PV share is investigated in terms of their techno-economic benefits to the system.