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Hypothalamus

About: Hypothalamus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 22301 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1085925 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence has led to the hypothesis that NE in the PVN, through the activation of glucocorticoid- and glucose-sensitive alpha 2-receptor sites, is physiologically active in energy homeostasis, most particularly at the onset of the animal's active cycle.

220 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mechanisms through which undernutrition hypersensitize the hypothalamic-gonadotropic axis to leptin may involve up-regulation of the LR; however, an increase in LR mRNA expression is not a requisite feature of heightened adenohypophyseal responses in fasted cattle.

220 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An increasing body of evidence suggests that neuroendocrine mechanisms differentiate and function from early in fetal life in many mammals, whereas in others with slower neural development this maturation occurs in the perinatal period.
Abstract: The neural control of fetal pituitary hormone secretion and the conceptualization of the integration of neural, neurotransmitter, neuromodulatory, and humoral signals in the fetus is an emerging field of interest. At an early stage in the construct of the neurosecretory neuron, Berta and Ernst Scharrer (1, 1a) proposed that neurosecretion is a phylogenetically “old and fundamental attribute of neural elements.” Not only is neurosecretion a primitive regulatory system but an increasing body of evidence suggests that neuroendocrine mechanisms differentiate and function from early in fetal life in many mammals, whereas in others with slower neural development this maturation occurs in the perinatal period. Among the earliest studies are those of Jost (2), who observed that decapitation of the male rabbit fetus impaired fetal testicular function. Neurohormones are present in the fetal hypothalamus at the time of its initial differentiation from the primitive forebrain, and it is likely that even before full m...

219 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that estrogen can directly modulate specific OT and AVP systems through an ERbeta-mediated mechanism, in a tissue-specific manner.
Abstract: Evidence exists for the localization of the newly identified estrogen receptor β (ERβ) within the rat paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), regions which lack ERα. Presently, we investigate whether ERβ-like-immunoreactivity (-ir) is found within cells of several major neuropeptide systems of these regions. Young adult Sprague–Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX), and 1 week later half of the animals received estradiol-17β (E). Dual-label immunocytochemistry was performed on adjacent sections by using an ERβ antibody, followed by an antibody to either oxytocin (OT), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), or corticotropin releasing hormone. Nuclear ERβ-ir was identified within SON and retrochiasmatic SON, and in specific PVN subnuclei: medial parvicellular part, ventral and dorsal zones, dorsal and lateral parvicellular parts, and in the posterior magnocellular part, medial and lateral zones. However, the ERβ-ir within magnocellular areas was noticeably less intense. OT-/ERβ-ir colocalization was confirmed in neurons of the parvicellular subnuclei, in both OVX and OVX+E brains (≈50% of OT and 25% of ERβ-labeled cells between bregma −1.78 and −2.00). In contrast, few PVN parvicellular neurons contained both AVP- and ERβ-ir. As well, very little overlap was observed in the distribution of cells containing corticotropin releasing hormone- or ERβ-ir. In the SON, most nuclear ERβ-ir colocalized with AVP-ir, whereas few OT-/ERβ-ir dual-labeled cells were observed. These findings suggest that estrogen can directly modulate specific OT and AVP systems through an ERβ-mediated mechanism, in a tissue-specific manner.

219 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, pressure injections of the tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with HRP (WGA-HRP) were made into either the dorsal medulla or the medial frontal cortex of the rat.

219 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023425
2022950
2021295
2020316
2019326
2018289