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Hypothalamus

About: Hypothalamus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 22301 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1085925 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Functional diversity in the hypothalamus is illustrated by illustrating hypothalamic neurones that express neuropeptide Y (NPY), the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) and the orexins, which are involved in the severe hyperphagia of hypoglycaemia and short-term control of feeding.

577 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These findings indicate that the GLP-1R on POMC/CART-expressing ARC neurons likely mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss.
Abstract: Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides lowering blood glucose, liraglutide also reduces body weight. It is not fully understood how liraglutide induces weight loss or to what degree liraglutide acts directly in the brain. Here, we determined that liraglutide does not activate GLP-1–producing neurons in the hindbrain, and liraglutide-dependent body weight reduction in rats was independent of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the vagus nerve, area postrema, and paraventricular nucleus. Peripheral injection of fluorescently labeled liraglutide in mice revealed the presence of the drug in the circumventricular organs. Moreover, labeled liraglutide bound neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and other discrete sites in the hypothalamus. GLP-1R was necessary for liraglutide uptake in the brain, as liraglutide binding was not seen in Glp1r–/– mice. In the ARC, liraglutide was internalized in neurons expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). Electrophysiological measurements of murine brain slices revealed that GLP-1 directly stimulates POMC/CART neurons and indirectly inhibits neurotransmission in neurons expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) via GABA-dependent signaling. Collectively, our findings indicate that the GLP-1R on POMC/CART-expressing ARC neurons likely mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss.

576 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Nov 1981-Science
TL;DR: The results indicate that pathways arising from noradrenergic cells in the dorsal vagal complex, the ventrolateral medulla, and the locus coeruleus end in specific subdivisions of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei which are involved in the regulation of responses from the pituitary gland and from both divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Abstract: Immunohistochemical and axonal transport methods were used to describe the organization of a series of central noradrenergic pathways that interrelate the nucleus of the solitary tract, which receives primary visceral sensory information, and the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, which participate in autonomic and neuroendocrine modes of homeostatic control. The results indicate that pathways arising from noradrenergic cells in the dorsal vagal complex, the ventrolateral medulla, and the locus coeruleus end in specific subdivisions of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei which are involved in the regulation of responses from the pituitary gland and from both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This circuitry may play an important role in the integration of hypothalamic responses to visceral stimuli.

576 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1983-Nature
TL;DR: A novel peptide from the pituitary of the salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) possessing an antagonistic function to MSH is isolated, and its chemical and biological characteristics are described.
Abstract: Many lower vertebrates exhibit colour change in response to the background. A dual hormonal control of colour change by two antagonistic pituitary melanophorotropic hormones was first postulated in amphibia by Hogben and Slome. It is well established that the melanotropins alpha- and beta-MSH are responsible for pigment dispersion in the integumentary melanophore of lower vertebrates and that these molecules are derived from a common precursor protein, proopiocortin, by specific processing within the intermediate lobe. No evidence has been found for an antagonistic hormone in amphibia, although the existence of such a molecule in the pituitary gland of teleost fishes has long been recognized and was termed the melanophore-concentrating hormone by Enami. Early attempts to separate the two hormones proved unsuccessful. Recently, Baker and Ball re-invoked the dual hormone concept, and it has been suggested that a melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus of teleosts and stored and released by the neurohyphophysis. We have now isolated a novel peptide from the pituitary of the salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) possessing an antagonistic function to MSH, and we describe here its chemical and biological characteristics.

576 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observations suggest that the orexin neurons may integrate a variety of interoceptive and homeostatic signals to increase behavioral arousal in response to hunger, stress, circadian signals, and autonomic challenges.
Abstract: Emotions, stress, hunger, and circadian rhythms all promote wakefulness and behavioral arousal. Little is known about the pathways mediating these influences, but the orexin-producing neurons of the hypothalamus may play an essential role. These cells heavily innervate many wake-promoting brain regions, and mice lacking the orexin neurons have narcolepsy and fail to rouse in response to hunger (Yamanaka et al. [2003] Neuron 38:701-713). To identify the afferents to the orexin neurons, we first injected a retrograde tracer into the orexin neuron field of rats. Retrogradely labeled neurons were abundant in the allocortex, claustrum, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and in many hypothalamic regions including the preoptic area, dorsomedial nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and posterior hypothalamus. Retrograde labeling in the brainstem was generally more modest, but labeling was strong in the periaqueductal gray matter, dorsal raphe nucleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. Injection of an anterograde tracer confirmed that most of these regions directly innervate the orexin neurons, with some of the heaviest input coming from the lateral septum, preoptic area, and posterior hypothalamus. In addition, hypothalamic regions preferentially innervate orexin neurons in the medial and perifornical parts of the field, but most projections from the brainstem target the lateral part of the field. Inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus are mainly relayed via the subparaventricular zone and dorsomedial nucleus. These observations suggest that the orexin neurons may integrate a variety of interoceptive and homeostatic signals to increase behavioral arousal in response to hunger, stress, circadian signals, and autonomic challenges.

566 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023425
2022950
2021295
2020316
2019326
2018289