Topic
Hypothalamus
About: Hypothalamus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 22301 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1085925 citations.
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TL;DR: Observations support the view that several classical transmitters, relatively neglected feeding transmitters candidates, are present in key neurons that regulate body weight and consequently may represent important orexigenic/anorexigenic mediators that convey information to other neurons within the hypothalamic area as well as from the hypothalamus to other brain regions that participate in regulation of energy balance.
289 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that CRF-BP is expressed predominantly in the cerebral cortex, including all major archi-, paleo-, and neocortical fields, and could serve to modify the actions of CRF by intra- and intercellular mechanisms, inCRF-related pathways in the central nervous system and pituitary.
Abstract: In recent studies to clone and characterize genes coding for the corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP), analysis of the tissue distribution of the CRF-BP gene indicated a high level of expression in the rat brain. We have now characterized by immunohistochemical and hybridization histochemical means the cellular localization of CRF-BP protein and mRNA expression, respectively. Results from both approaches converged to indicate that CRF-BP is expressed predominantly in the cerebral cortex, including all major archi-, paleo-, and neocortical fields. Other prominent sites of mRNA and protein expression include subcortical limbic system structures (amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis), sensory relays associated with the auditory, olfactory, vestibular, and trigeminal systems, severe raphe nuclei, and a number of cell groups in the brainstem reticular core. Expression in the hypothalamus appears largely limited to the ventral premammillary and dorsomedial nuclei; only isolated CRF-BP-stained cells are apparent in neurosecretory cell groups. Dual immunostaining for CRF and CRF-BP revealed a partial colocalization in some of these regions. In addition, prominent CRF-BP-stained terminal fields have been identified in association with CRF-expressing cell groups in circumscribed hypothalamic and limbic structures. In the anterior pituitary, CRF-BP mRNA and immunoreactivity were colocalized with corticotropin-immunoreactivity in a majority of corticotropes. Thus, CRF-BP could serve to modify the actions of CRF by intra- and intercellular mechanisms, in CRF-related pathways in the central nervous system and pituitary.
288 citations
TL;DR: Qualitative and quantitative criteria indicate that TRH is present in methanolic extracts prepared from all regions of the rat brain and the greatest concentration of TRH, determined by radioirnmunoassay, was found in the hypothalamus, followed by the posterior pituitary gland, thalamus, brain stem, cerebrum, anterior pituitaries gland, and cerebellum.
Abstract: Qualitative and quantitative criteria indicate that TRH is present in methanolic extracts prepared from all regions of the rat brain. The conclusion that TRH in the extracts of rat brain is the same as synthetic TRH is based on the following criteria: (a) immunoreactivity with a specific antiserum to synthetic TRH, (b) chromatographic properties on Sephadex G-10, (c) electrophoretic mobility on cellulose acetate, (d) susceptibility to degradation by plasma, and (e) capacity of the extracts to stimulate TSH release in vitro from anterior pituitary tissue. The greatest concentration of TRH, determined by radioirnmunoassay, was found in the hypothalamus, followed by the posterior pituitary gland, thalamus, brain stem, cerebrum, anterior pituitary gland, and cerebellum. The total quantity of TRH in the rat brain was 18.2 ng. Of this amount, 33.6% was present in the thalamus; 26.7% in the cerebrum; 18.8% in the hypothalamus; 18.6% in the brain stem; 1.6% in the cerebellum; 0.42% in the posterior pituitary glan...
288 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the involvement of 5-HT, dopamine and GABA in regulating the alcohol-drinking behavior of two lines of rats selectively bred for their high alcohol-seeking behavior, namely the alcohol preference P line and the high alcohol drinking HAD line of rats.
287 citations
TL;DR: To identify targets for leptin’s action, in situ hybridization and computerized imaging was used to map leptin receptor (Ob-R) messenger RNA (mRNA) distribution and Ob-R mRNA was observed in the anterior pituitary and several areas of the brain, including the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Abstract: Leptin acts as a metabolic activator of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis in several rodent species, but whether leptin plays a similar role in primates is unknown. To explore this question, we examined the effects of leptin on gonadotropin and testosterone secretion in male rhesus monkeys that were fasted for 2 days. Mean plasma levels of LH and FSH, LH pulse frequency, and LH pulse amplitude were significantly higher in leptin-treated animals compared with saline-treated controls during the second day of the fast. To identify targets for leptin’s action, we used in situ hybridization and computerized imaging to map leptin receptor (Ob-R) messenger RNA (mRNA) distribution. Ob-R mRNA was observed in the anterior pituitary and several areas of the brain, including the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. Ob-R mRNA was coexpressed in both POMC and neuropeptide Y neurons in the arcuate nucleus, whereas little or no coexpression of Ob-R mRNA was evident in GnRH neurons. These results sugges...
287 citations