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Hypothalamus
About: Hypothalamus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 22301 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1085925 citations.
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TL;DR: The decrease in blood glucose levels during fasting alters the structural organization of this blood-hypothalamus barrier, resulting in the improved access of metabolic substrates to the arcuate nucleus, and shows a hitherto unappreciated role for tanycytes and the permeable microvessels associated with them in the adaptive metabolic response to fasting.
285 citations
TL;DR: The time-dependent and region-specific regulatory patterns of OX1R and OX2R suggest that they may participate in distinct neural circuits under the condition of food deprivation.
285 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that CRF attenuates LH secretion by a central action to inhibit irGnRH release into the hypophysial-portal circulation and that this action is independent of basal concentrations of irGNRH and/or LH.
Abstract: To evaluate whether the hypothalamus is the site of action of CRF in inhibiting LH levels in female rats, we measured hypophysial-portal blood concentrations of immunoreactive GnRH (irGnRH) after the central injection of CRF. Ovine CRF (0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 nmol) was injected intracerebroventricularly to intact rats on the afternoon of proestrus and in long term ovariectomized (OVX) rats in the presence or in absence of estradiol benzoate (OVX + EB). CRF injection decreased the amplitude of the proestrous irGnRH surge without affecting presurge levels. CRF (0.1 nmol) attenuated the afternoon irGnRH surge in OVX + EB rats; higher doses of CRF blocked this surge and decreased nonsurge irGnRH levels. No dose-related alterations of irGnRH levels were observed in OVX rats; only the highest dose of CRF was active. For comparison, plasma LH concentrations were measured after a single dose of CRF (2 nmol) in rats under the same experimental conditions. While CRF decreased LH concentrations in anesthetized proes...
285 citations
TL;DR: Leptin acts centrally to decrease NPY synthesis and NPY levels in the ARC-PVN projection; reduced NPY release in the PVN may mediate leptin's hypophagic and thermogenic actions; Conversely, NPY-induced obesity results in raised circulating leptin concentrations.
Abstract: Leptin acts on the brain to inhibit feeding, increase thermogenesis, and decrease body weight. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-ergic neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) that project to the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and dorsomedial nuclei (DMH) are postulated to control energy balance by stimulating feeding and inhibiting thermogenesis, especially under conditions of energy deficit. We investigated whether leptin's short-term effects on energy balance are mediated by inhibition of the NPY neurons. Recombinant murine leptin (11 microg) injected into the lateral ventricle of fasted adult Wistar rats inhibited food intake by 20-25% between 2 and 6 h after administration, compared with saline-treated controls (P 0.1), but plasma leptin levels were significantly higher (4.88 +/- 0.66 vs. 2.85 +/- 0.20 ng/ml; P < 0.01). Leptin therefore acts centrally to decrease NPY synthesis and NPY levels in the ARC-PVN projection; reduced NPY release in the PVN may mediate leptin's hypophagic and thermogenic actions. Conversely, NPY-induced obesity results in raised circulating leptin concentrations. Leptin and the NPY-ergic ARC-PVN neurons may interact in a homeostatic loop to regulate body fat mass and energy balance.
284 citations
Book•
26 May 1988
TL;DR: Sergio R. Ojeda, James E. Griffin, and Norman M. Kaplan: Organization of the Endocrine System.
Abstract: Contributors 1. Organization of the Endocrine System 2. Genes and Hormones 3. Mechanisms of Hormone Action 4. Assessment of Endocrine Function 5. The Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus 6. The Posterior Pituitary and Water Metabolism 7. Sexual Differentiation 8. Female Reproductive Function 9. Male Reproductive Function 10. Fertilization, Implantation, and Endocrinology of Pregnancy 11. Growth Regulation 12. The Thyroid 13. The Adrenal Glands 14. Calcium Homeostasis 15. Glucose, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism Index
284 citations