Ideal type

About: Ideal type is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 400 publications have been published within this topic receiving 8012 citations.

Re-classifying russian law: mechanisms, outcomes, and solutions for an overly politicized field

Abstract: This Article will demonstrate how, throughout the 20th century, American scholarship on Russian law has not progressed as a steady accumulation of facts, but instead has been driven by changing American political anxieties and hopes regarding Russia's political place in the world. Although such politicization might have been excusable when Russia lay closed to the West, it is unacceptable today, as there are now unprecedented opportunities to engage in empirical research on Russian law. To facilitate a more empirical and accurate understanding of Russian law, this Article will propose the creation of an ideal type model for Russia law that will operate much the way the civil law and common law ideal types do in classifying and comparing Western European and North American legal systems. Scholars should begin the construction of this ideal type by exploring whether Russian law is sufficiently different from the civil law family to merit another ideal type. This ideal type approach will normalize our understanding of Russian law, encouraging us to ask the same questions of Russia's legal system as we do of other European legal systems. Such normalization will also help us better understand contentious debates surrounding Russian law, including whether it is a Western style legal system, the effectiveness of rule of law promotion, and suitability of western legal transplants in the region.

The School Leader as Ideal Type: How to Reconcile Max Weber with the Concept of School Culture

Abstract: Managing and developing a school organization from a cultural perspective requires a different approach to leadership than instrumental or pragmatic standpoints. Most organizations have multiple and even conflicting subcultures. Central issues are how subcultures appear in the individual and in the social structures of the school organization and how they constitute a connected system of meanings. School leaders of today should develop strategic visions for their institutions and perform as role models for students and teachers. Maintaining the balance between long-term development goals and a rapidly changing reality is a challenge for every leader. The school leader as ideal type means that the traditional descriptions of leaders and leadership are no longer enough to face the twenty-first century challenges for schools. School leaders must acquire an ability to understand what social action is and use this knowledge in relation to individual social actors. By reconciling Max Weber with the impact of school culture, I visualize an ideal type for a school leader with a focus on equity and quality in education, in accordance to European demands and standards. School leaders can benefit from the use of autoethnographic strategies to achieve an increased understanding of their practice.

National heroes, disposable workers. How collective action in the health and social care sector during the pandemic negotiated with the self‐sacrificing worker ideal

Abstract: Abstract During the pandemic, the ideal of the self‐sacrificing health and social care worker became both more powerful and more unsustainable than ever. This article explores the manner and extent to which health and social care workers collectively challenged this ideal. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Italy, this paper discusses mobilizations organized within three occupations: doctors in training, nurses, and social care workers. The study finds that collective action partially rejected and partially reproduced the self‐sacrificing worker ideal. Moreover, it shows how inequality regimes, imposing this ideal through classist, gendered, ageist, and racist‐nationalist processes in a pattern specific to each occupation, fundamentally shape the ways in which the ideal is challenged, as does the political culture of the groups organizing the mobilizations.

Ethical leadership required to lead a diverse new Europe

Abstract: Globalisation is seen in various parts of the world as imposing a hegemonic, Anglo-American-oriented, consumerist culture that uproots and abrogates existing difference in the name of apparent, unexamined progress. According to King (2000: 143) “... such notions of supposed ‘progress’ prioritize a social ethic of integration that permits no understanding of the culture-systemic character and mode of functioning of ‘race’ as ideology”. Globalisation discourse, for many, has sought to eliminate notions of ethnicity, identity, intention and purpose, and have sought to obscure the contextual application of power and its related, supporting knowledge-infrastructures. Narrowly applied diversity management theory and techniques seek to enable further globalisation, and seek to benefit the ‘few’, not the ‘many’. Gaudelli (2001) argues that some scholars who theorise about the potential outcomes of globalisation suggest that identities will not be lost in this era, only reconfigured. “Local groups often reshape their local identities when they meet challenges related to globalization processes, but they do not abandon these identities.... What was ‘local’ becomes redefined as a modified form of ‘local’ that can work in conjunction with the supra-local forces” (Stromquist & Monkman, 2000: 21). Others have argued that globalisation does not necessarily forebode the demise of traditional cultures, as individual identity is still a matter of individual development and choice (Parmenter, 2001: 240). The global constructs of public, private and organisational life, therefore, have largely been defined by an American hegemony which has impacted on business life in the European Union, primarily through the key dimension of leadership. This is reflected through patterns of behaviour in organisations that differ to the cultural norm of the nation state, or indeed cultural interpretations within the nation state. For example, the ideas of Weber (1957) and Durkheim (1915; 1918) adopted a positive science approach leading to organisational forms being drawn around the core principle of efficiency. Indeed, Weber’s notion of bureaucratic rationality was initially thought of as an ideal type and adopted as a paradigm by American sociologists, particularly Taylor (Brown, 1978). American theory, therefore, has had a positivistic emphasis on behaviour and the behavioural aspects of the rational sys-

Management Organization and Employment Strategy (RLE: Organizations): New Directions in Theory and Practice

Abstract: The book brings together in a single volume material and issues normally treated separately, such as management studies, organisation theory, personnel management, industrial relations and motivation theory. Traditional topics such as the Hawthorne Experiments, Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs are put into perspective, along with ideas about organisational cultures, the labour process and the idea of corporate employment strategies.