Showing papers on "Identity (social science) published in 1969"
TL;DR: Young Man Luther as mentioned in this paper is a psychohistorical inquiry about the first strike on behalf of the millworkers of Ahmedabad, India, where Gandhi tested out strategies and tactics later to be applied.
Abstract: It takes a great man to write a book about a great man and both the author and his subject fit this description. Erikson has previously written Childhood and Society and Identity: Youth and Crisis , both of which brought fresh insights into the stagnant areas of childhood and adolescence. His volume entitled Young Man Luther is a fascinating psychohistorical inquiry. The author is not only a psychoanalyst, but also an educator, a social scientist, and a poetic writer. I would place a man combining these attributes as a distinguished humanist, a fitting person to understand Gandhi and interpret him to the world as no biographer has previously done. In 1962 Erikson was invited to lead a seminar in Ahmedabad, India, the place of Gandhi's first strike on behalf of the millworkers where, in fact, he tested out strategies and tactics later to be applied
115 citations
TL;DR: The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (INES) as mentioned in this paper is the most popular encyclopedia for the social sciences and it was published between 1927 and 1933 and published in fifteen volumes between 1930 and 1935.
Abstract: On first glancing through the new International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences' I gained the impression that it was markedly less historical in both character and content than the old Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Further investigation and analysis substantiated the impression. Nevertheless, the new encyclopedia is not necessarily, for that reason, less useful to economic historians. The slight difference in the wording of the titles is not the key to the difference in the tone of the two encyclopedias. If anything, the new encyclopedia is slightly less international (as measured by nationality of editors, editorial advisors, and contributors) than the old. The difference in that respect is negligible, however. David Sills, the editor, states in his introduction (1, p. xix) that the new encyclopedia is "designed to complement, not to supplant, its predecessor." In that respect it is quite successful. The old encyclopedia, prepared between 1927 and 1933 and published in fifteen volumes between 1930 and 1935, appeared at a time when the social sciences were self-consciously seeking their own identity. Psychology, for example, was then labeled as a "semisocial science," and geography was included among the sciences "with social implications." The emphasis in the older work was strongly substantive, i.e., historical. In contrast, the emphasis in the new is methodological, exemplified most notably by the inclusion of statistics, further elaborated as "theoretical statistics, the design of experiments, nonsampling errors, sample surveys, government statistics, and the use of statistical methods in social science research" (1, p. xxii) as one of the constituent social science disciplines. (The fact that W. Allen Wallis was chairman of the editorial advisory board is probably not coincidental with that emphasis.) Concretely, there are two, possibly three ways in which the new encyclopedia is less historical than the old. In the first place, the old began with two lengthy introductions, occupying almost the entirety of the first volume, devoted to "The Development of Social Thought and Institutions" from ancient times to the 1930's and "The Social Sciences as Disciplines," another country-by-country historical survey. In contrast, the International Encyclopedia has only a Foreword by Alvin Johnson, the honorary editor (who was associate-that is, executive-editor of the older work); a Preface by Wallis; and an introduction by Sills, occupying altogether only twenty pages. Secondly, the older encyclopedia included more than 4000 biographical articles devoted to historical actors as well as to notable social scientists.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the white counselor may be one of supervisor of lay therapists in the black community or change-agent and interpreter in the white community, and some techniques are reviewed that may facilitate their full freedom.
Abstract: Counselors working in the black community must understand the special problems of black people in discovering and affirming their identity. Black Power, proclaiming the integrity of the black community, has special relevance for black people in search of an identity. Counselors cannot ignore the new self-awareness which many black clients bring to counseling. An approach to counseling black clients is suggested, and some techniques are reviewed that may facilitate their full freedom. The role of the white counselor may be one of supervisor of lay therapists in the black community or change-agent and interpreter in the white community.
31 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new perspective on identity of the ethnic Chinese in Thailand is introduced in order to assert that hybridity and cultural flexibility allow the Chinese descendants in Thailand to willingly become Thai as well as Chinese instead of becoming Thai only.
Abstract: This research paper argues against the prominent theory articulated by William Skinner, who predicts the total assimilation of the Chinese in Thailand. In relation to Stuart Hall’s definitions of sociological subject and post-modern subject, a new perspective on identity of the ethnic Chinese in Thailand is introduced in order to assert that hybridity and cultural flexibility allow the Chinese descendants in Thailand to willingly become Thai as well as Chinese instead of becoming Thai only. This research paper explores identity politics played by the Chinese-Thai population in contemporary Thailand at the village, national, and transnational levels. Facilitated by the notions of hybridity and flexible citizenship, identity politics are embraced by the Chinese-Thais in a way that benefits not only them but also other members in the Thai society.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply the "Open-Aware Context" assumption to the field of self-evaluations, and apply it to the problem of applying the open-aware context to self-identification.
Abstract: himself assumes, as Glaser and Strauss (1964) have pointed out, that the encounter of the person with others occurs in what these authors have called an "open awareness context" in which "each interactant is aware of the other's true identity and his own identity in the eyes of the other." Mead goes further to argue that, not only are persons thus aware of their identities in others' eyes, but that they see their own identities as they perceive these others to see them: The individual experiences himself as such, not directly, but only indirectly, from the particular standpoints of other individual members of the same social group, or from the generalized standpoint of the social group as a whole to which he belongs. For he enters his own experience as a self or individual, not directly or immediately, not by becoming a subject to himself, but only insofar as he first becomes an object to himself just as other individuals are objects to him or in his experience; and he becomes an object to himself only by taking the attitudes of other individuals toward himself within a social environment or context of experience and behavior in which both he and they are involved (Mead, 1934:138). Self-Evaluation There have been a number of attempts to apply Mead's orientation to an understanding of the social process within which self-evaluations arise. The difficulty in making this application may lie in the problem of applying the "open awareness context" assumption to the field of self-evaluations. When the social origins of personal "identity" or "conception" of the "Who Am I?" variety are being sought, the hypothesis that the person adopts the views of others toward himself as his own view of himself is not easy to challenge. Role-playing to audiences clearly generates identities that match the roles played.' But the idea "I am a woman," and the idea "I am a beautiful woman," are different in the sense
TL;DR: Amo acid analyses of several human lysozymes yielded comparable results, suggesting the probable identity of the enzyme in all human tissues and secretions and some immunochemical results were also in favour of such an interpretation.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the issue of India's security evoked a particular type of response which came to be identified as nonalignment, and what were the peculiar characteristics of this identity.
Abstract: Nonalignment today is a protean international phenomenon, accommodating a host of national impulses and identities. This paper, however, is chiefly concerned with this phenomenon as it was nurtured on Indian soil: it seeks to interpret India's nonalignment by probing its rationale as a security policy during the Nehru years. The pages that follow attempt to answer two questions: (1) why was it that the issue of India's security evoked a particular type of response which came to be identified as nonalignment; and (2) what were the peculiar characteristics of this identity?
TL;DR: In this article, the author examines the need for constitutional recognition and protection of the political collective rights of minority groups in Canada, particularly those of Aboriginal nations, and suggests that the solution to resolving this conflict between minority and majority political rights is for Canada to adopt a "direct consociation" approach.
Abstract: In this article, the author examines the need for constitutional recognition and protection of the political collective rights of minority groups in Canada, particularly those of Aboriginal nations. The author asserts that Canada's present constitutional approach to minority collective rights is one of "indirect consociation," an approach which embraces the ideology of "universalism" and does not expressly recognize or protect minority ethnonational communities. This is ineffective as it generates political instability. He examines both Canadian constitutional thinking as well as the thoughts of Aboriginal nations on the right to self-government and discusses the conflicting theories behind each position. Finally, the author suggests that the solution to resolving this conflict between minority and majority political rights is for Canada to adopt a "direct consociation" approach. This approach would recognize expressly and protect the political rights of Aboriginal nations and other minorities, based on the concept of equality, as opposed to continuing colonialist or assimilationist approaches which only serve to heighten inequality and political tension.
Patent•
10 Nov 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an approach to rapidly check the identity of a person against known identifying information prior to permitting that person to charge incurred expenses to the account of a known person.
Abstract: Apparatus and method to rapidly check the identity of a person against known identifying information prior to permitting that person to charge incurred expenses to the account of a known person. The apparatus and method also provide a system for rapidly recording charged expenses, after checking identity, as being incurred by the known person. The system is particularly useful in hotels and motels where a guest or other known person is permitted to incur expenses at various locations, such as a restaurant, where that person may not be known to the cashier. The person who wishes to make a charge provides the cashier or other employee with his name and other identifying information such as a room number or account number and, prior to recording this charge against the account of the person so identified, the cashier or other employee is provided with a visual display of correct descriptive information for comparison. If the information given by the charging guest is correct, the charges incurred are then recorded against the account of the known person.
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TL;DR: The idea that psychic factors might directly alter biochemical reactions is utterly baffling and probably absurd, but the idea that they can modify the way in which control systems are mobilized is a good deal more acceptable.
Abstract: For the scientific “mechanists” who try to explain biochemical and biophysical happenings solely in terms of reproducible objective evidence, it is so difficult to imagine ways, that is, mechanisms, by which psychic impulses could alter the physical properties of cells that the whole idea is discounted as absurd. The SOcalled psychic impulses themselves have never been demonstrated “scientifically” -they have never been measured-and so their supposed interaction with autonomous biochemical processes seems to be doubly absurd. Of course, many scientists do not think of the cell merely as a complex time sequence of physicochemical events, but for them too there is a serious difficulty when it comes to accounting for the manner in which subjective reality impinges on the performance of living systems that do, in fact, operate through biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. There are many problems about cancer incidence in different communities that make it difficult to the point of impossibility to interpret them solely in terms of genetic predisposition, dietary habits, exposure to specific carcinogenic risks, and so on-that is, in terms of material factors acting directly on normal tissues, causing their cells to change into cancer cells. But if the idea is accepted that abnormal cells in a state of abnormal organization are arising all the time and that they form invasive cancers only when morphostatic controls break down, we find that we are concentrating our attention on another, less specifically material level of organization. It is not so difficult, qualitatively at least, to imagine that psychological and cultural influences of a nonmaterial order of reality can affect the vigor of nervous, hormonal, and immunological control of the body. How it works is still, of course, a mystery, but whereas the idea that psychic factors might directly alter biochemical reactions is utterly baffling and probably absurd, the idea that they can modify the way in which control systems are mobilized is a good deal more acceptable. This leads us to consider in what way the seriality of levels of organization might offer a “way in” to understanding how psychic factors can influence individual cells and cell clusters indirectly. The nucleus of a cell is part of the internal environment of that cell, and the rest of the cell forms the immediate external environment of the nucleus. Neither can pursue normal function without the other. The cell itself is part of the internal environment of a more complicated whole, the tissue in which it participates as a unit. The internal environment of the tissue forms the immediate external environment of the cell. The tissue in turn is part of the internal environment of the whole organism, which represents the immediate external milieu of the tissue or organ. There is a continuity, an overlapping between the internal and external environments in this sequence, each participating in the other. To go further takes us into the field of social relations and species relations, in which the individual organism forms part of the internal environment of the group. The participation of the individual in the greater whole, which is its immediate external biological environment, is a necessary factor for harmonious functioning at the social levels of organization.
TL;DR: In this article, Africa and the Afro-American: The Changing Negro Identity, the authors discuss the changing of the African identity and the African-American identity in the United States.
Abstract: (1969). Africa and the Afro-American: The Changing Negro Identity. Psychiatry: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 127-136.
TL;DR: Erik H. Erikson is a psychoanalyst and an anthropologist of international stature as discussed by the authors, whose concept of modal adaptive tasks at phase specific stages of life has not only been proved as a process analysis of normal behavior but allows a cross-sectional analysis throughout life.
Abstract: Erik H. Erikson is a psychoanalyst and an anthropologist of international stature. His works have served, over the past decades, as some of the best examples of scholarly and clinical work which linked individual psychological maturation and development with social process. His concept of modal adaptive tasks at phase specific stages of life has not only been proved as a process analysis of normal behavior but allows a cross-sectional analysis throughout life. Among his more original concepts is the description of the process which he called ego-identity. Ego identity is Erikson's attempt to link the internal psychological make-up of the individual with the environment which is social reality. Since identity, according to Erikson, is formed during adolescence and consolidated at the end of adolescence, much of his writings on the subject of identity concerns youth. The purpose of the book,Identity: Youth and Crisis, is to demonstrate
TL;DR: In the course of trying to establish or maintain their occupational identities, American helping groups often forward claims which their clients disbelieve or which rival helping groups try to discredit as discussed by the authors, and the history of helping groups reflects their ideological and institutional responses to this dilemma, through attempts to change helping claims, occupational structure, client attitudes, or clientele.
Abstract: In the course of trying to establish or maintain their occupational identities, American helping groups often forward claims which their clients disbelieve or which rival helping groups try to discredit. The history of helping groups reflects their ideological and institutional responses to this dilemma, through attempts to change helping claims, occupational structure, client attitudes, or clientele. The problem of credibility influences both technological and organizational aspects in the developing identities of helping occupations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that three hominoid tali from the early Miocene of Kenya are functionally similar to those from the living pronograde quadrupedal African apes, Pan and Gorilla, and unlike modern bipedal man.
Abstract: Day and Wood have very elegantly shown that three hominoid tali from the early Miocene of Kenya are functionally similar to those from the living pronograde quadrupedal African apes, Pan and Gorilla, and unlike modern bipedal man1. Two of the tali (CMH 145 from Songhor and CMH 147 from Rusinga) were described first by Maclnnes2 and later more fully by Le Gros Clark and Leakey3; Le Gros Clark subsequently described a second talus from Rusinga4. I have some tentative suggestions concerning their identification.