Showing papers on "Identity (social science) published in 1978"

The City and Self-Identity

Abstract: It is suggested that for each of the role-related identities of an individual, there are physical dimensions and characteristics that help to define and are subsumed by that identity. In addition, there is a general place-identity for each individual which reflects his or her unique socialization in the physical world. This paper argues that it is important to conceptualize place-identity as a specific component (subidentity) of each individual's self-identity. Place-identity is defined as those dimensions of self that define the individual's personal identity in relation to the physical environment by means of a complex pattern of conscious and unconscious ideas, feelings, values, goals, preferences, skills, and behavioral tendencies relevant to a specific environment.

The Inner World: A Psychoanalytic Study of Childhood and Society in India

Abstract: PROLOGUE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION I INTRODUCTION: AIMS AND APPROACH CULTURE AND PERSONALITY PERSONAL WORD II THE HINDU WORLD IMAGE: THE THEME OF FUSION-MOKSHA LIFE TASK AND LIFE CYCLE-DHARMA IDEAS OF TIME AND DESTINY III MOTHERS AND INFANTS: PSYCHO-SOCIAL MATRIX OF INFANCY: FEMININE IDENTITY IN INDIA THE 'GOOD MOTHER' THE 'BAD MOTHER' INFANCY AND EGO: ORIGINS OF IDENTITY IN A PATRIARCHAL CULTURE IV FAMILIES AND CHILDREN: PSYCHO-SOCIAL MATRIX OF CHILDHOOD: THE EXTENDED FAMILY THE SECOND BIRTH ONTOGENY OF HOMO HIERARCHICUS V TRACINGS: THE INNER WORLD IN CULTURE AND HISTORY: CULT AND MYTHS OF KRISHNA SHIVA AND NARCISSUS THE REVOLUTIONARY YOGI: CHILDHOOD OF SWAMI VIVEKANANDA VI CONCLUSION: CHILDHOOD AND SOCIAL CHANGE APPENDIX: THE CHILD IN INDIAN TRADITION AFTERWORD NOTES AND REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

Symbolic communication between two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Abstract: Through use of learned symbols, two chimpanzees accurately specified 11 foods by name to one another when the food item's identity was known by only one. They could not do this when denied use of the symbols. The chimpanzees then spontaneously requested specific foods of one another by name. Requests resulted in cooperative and reciprocal symbolically mediated food exchange.

The state of research on ego identity: A review and appraisal

Abstract: Considerable research on ego identity has appeared over the past 15 years, indicating the need for an overall review. Part I commences by considering the complexity of Erikson's concept and suggesting several different theoretical contexts in which it has been used. The validity of investigators' attempts to operationalize the concept “ego identity” is assumed to depend in part upon their interpretations of its meaning. The subsequent review of empirical literature is organized according to different procedures which have been used to measure ego identity. A first section summarizes and evaluates research utilizing Q-sort and self-report questionnaire measures, while a second considers the large number of investigations that have employed James Marcia's Identity Status Interview. The latter group of studies are ordered according to the type of dependent variable (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, personality, developmental) examined in relation to ego identity status (i.e., achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion). Part II of the review, to appear in the next issue of this journal, will recapitulate the identity status literature, present an overall evaluation of the identity status paradigm, and suggest a number of issues for future research.

The origins of knowledge and imagination

Abstract: "A gem of enlightenment. . . . One rejoices in Bronowski's dedication to the identity of acts of creativity and of imagination, whether in Blake or Yeats or Einstein or Heisenberg."-Kirkus Reviews "A delightful look at the inquiring mind."-Library Journal In this eloquent volume Jacob Bronowski, mathematician and scientist, presents a succinct introduction to the state of modern thinking about the role of science in man's intellectual and moral life. Weaving together themes from ethnology, linguistics, philosophy, and physics, he confronts the questions of who we are, what we are, and how we relate to the universe around us.

The state of research on ego identity: A review and appraisal : Part II.

Abstract: Considerable research on ego identity has appeared over the past 15 years, indicating the need for an overall review. Part I commences by considering the complexity of Erikson's concept and suggesting several different theoretical contexts in which it has been used. The validity of investigators' attempts to operationalize the concept "ego identity" is assumed to depend in part upon their interpretations of its meaning. The subsequent review of empirical literature is organized according to different procedures which have been used to measure ego identity. A first section summarizes and evaluates research utilizing Q-sort and self-report questionnaire measures, while a second considers the large number of investigations that have employed James Marcia's Identity Status Interview. The latter group of studies are ordered according to the type of dependent variable (e.g., cognitive, behavioral, personality, developmental) examined in relation to ego identity status (i.e., achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, diffusion). Part II of the review, to appear in the next issue of this journal, will recapitulate the identity status literature, present an overall evaluation of the identity status paradigm, and suggest a number of issues for future research.

Ethos and Identity : Three Studies in Ethnicity

Abstract: Ethos and Identity asks the ever-puzzling question: What is ethnicity and how is it to be explained? In a new introduction to this work, Athena Leoussi describes Epstein's response to this challenging age-old query, and demonstrates why this classic volume is of continuing importance.Originally published thirty years ago, Ethos and Identity still fascinates the twenty-first century reader. Epstein's volume explains ethnic revivals of the past century, while the new introduction discusses those that occurred after the book's original publication, such as during the collapse of the communist Eastern bloc in the 1990s. Epstein offers insight into other ethnic reawakenings, such as that experienced during the late 1960s and early 1970s after the collapse of post-colonial east Asia. Prior to this, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, following World War II and the establishment of the United Nations, it was expected that ethnic identifications would be superseded by a more modern, universalistic, rational, civic- or class-based form. This did not occur. Instead, as nations collapsed and were reborn in new forms, people continued to identify with their ethnicity in describing themselves, even when their countries, at least as they knew them, no longer existed. In short, people and their cultures live on long after political and national boundaries have disappeared and been redrawn. Epstein's decisive contribution to the understanding of ethnicity proposes a "social anthropology of affect." People incorporate the social structure of ethnicity into the makeup of their personality and, thus, self-identification.Ethos and Identity is sure to interest students of anthropology, sociology, psychoanalysis, psychology, and ethnicity.

Identity formation, nAchievement, and fear of success in college men and women

Abstract: This study examined the performance of male and female identity statuses on achievement-related variables to clarify whether the four identity positions have different consequences for men and women. Previous research had suggested that an identity crisis period (achievement and moratorium) was more adaptive for males, while identity commitment, with or without a crisis period (achievement and foreclosure), was more adaptive for females. Identity status was determined for 111 college men and women who were tested for nAchievement, fear of success, fear of failure, and self-esteem. As predicted, identity achievement and moratorium men and women scored higher in achievement motivation and self-esteem than foreclosure and diffusion subjects. However, while diffusions and foreclosures were highest in fear of success of the male statuses, moratoriums and achievements were highest in fear of success of the female statuses. Contrary to previous research, the results indicate that moratorium women resemble identity achievements more than foreclosure women do, at least on achievement-related and self-concept variables, and suggest reasons why moratorium has appeared in past research to be a less adaptive status and foreclosure a more adaptive status for women.

Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism

Abstract: The series Religion and Society (RS) contributes to the exploration of religions as social systems both in Western and non-Western societies; in particular, it examines religions in their differentiation from, and intersection with, other cultural systems, such as art, economy, law and politics. Due attention is given to paradigmatic case or comparative studies that exhibit a clear theoretical orientation with the empirical and historical data of religion and such aspects of religion as ritual, the religious imagination, constructions of tradition, iconography, or media. In addition, the formation of religious communities, their construction of identity, and their relation to society and the wider public are key issues of this series. "

Talking Identity: The Production of "Self" In Interaction* **

Abstract: In the past two decades, ethnomethodologists have sought to introduce a transformation in what is conceived as resource and what is conceived as topic in sociology. Typically, sociologists have used people's interpretive practices or reality-structuring work in general as an unexamined resource for investigating patterned regularities in the social world (cf. Garfinkel, 1967; Pollner, 1970; Wilson, 1970; Zimmerman & Pollner, 1970). By strategically suspending the account/phenomenon dualism, ethnomethodology has elevated interpretive, reality-structuring activities to topical status. Working within this broad framework of ethnomethodological concerns, our topic of empirical and conceptual inquiry is the set of verbal practices through which persons assemble and display who they are while in the presence of, and in interaction with, others. We refer to this set of production practices as the identifying process. Though the present study is limited to the ^/^-identifying process, our methods and generic conceptualizations can be used to extend analyses of other kinds of interpretive or social structuring activities, on both the interpersonal and the social organizational levels (see Hadden & Lester, forthcoming). A focus on this process is a synthesis of extant sociological problems, encountering the traditional social psychological topic of identity per se, in combination with the more recent concerns of ethnomethodology and conversational analysis. With respect to the former, traditional theory in social psychology includes a process model of identity and its more general referent, self, with attention often focused on the isomorphism of the two (Cooley, 1922; Mead, 1932,1934; Shibutani, 1955). Unfortunately, as Strauss (1964) has observed, identity has often acquired a static character in the

Prelude to red river: a social portrait of the great lakes metis

Abstract: This paper examines the scope and significance of Indian-White marriage in the Upper Great Lakes region during the 18th and early 19th centuries. It concludes that by the 1820's, a sizeable population of Metis, inhabiting a growing network of towns and villages, had established themselves as economic middlemen, intercultural brokers, and interpreters linking tribal peoples and Angloamerican patrons interested in the fur trade. It also suggests that Great Lakes M6tis artfully amalgamated elements of dissimilar cultures and belief systems and were in the process of developing a group consciousness and identity akin to that which flowered several decades later in the upper Red River valley of Canada.

Sex Role Identity, Sex of Other, and Affective Relationship as Determinants of Interpersonal Conflict-Management Styles.

Abstract: Previous research in sex-role identity has explored behavioral differences in a variety of contexts. Only recently, however, have differences in interaction style been investigated. The study reported here was designed to assess behavioral differences in one important type of interaction: interpersonal conflict. Of 143 college students responding to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), a final sample of 57 subjects provided questionnaire data on five conflict-management modes in hypothetical conflicts with others who varied on factors of sex and affective relationship with respondent. Results of the MANOVA analysis suggested that feminine persons disapprove of competition more than persons of masculine and androgynous sex-role identification. The results further suggested that masculine persons may differentiate less between liked and disliked others in their competitive behavior than do feminine and androgynous persons. Finally, results suggested that conflicts with liked, as opposed to disliked, others are managed with less competition and more accommodation, collaboration, and compromise for all sex-role identity groups.

Bullshitting: Road Lore Among Hitchhikers

Abstract: This paper explores how people create tall tales to make frustrating activities “engaging“–as Goffman uses that term. The data are the stories hitchhikers tell one another about their travels-what they call “bullshit.“ The analysis of these data suggests that bullshitting provides people with a way of managing their problems. By using difficult situations as bases for heroic autobiographical stories, people can use their problems to produce a positive self-image. Hitchhikers appear to use these stories as partial solutions to their adolescent identity problems.

Identity and Trinity

Abstract: All theologians understand that the central problem involving the mystery of the Trinity is to explain the possibility that there is one God but three persons in God without falling into contradiction. Many, if not most, contemporary theologians who write about the Trinity believe that the key to the solution of this problem lies in adequately analyzing one or more of the concepts of a person, a nature, a substance, or God, or in constructing some new concept, say, that of "persons in community" or "a society of persons."' Such theologians very often talk about the metaphysics or ontological dimensions of these concepts and explain the mechanisms, the ontological mechanisms, operating in the Trinity. The almost clinical accounts of the love life and intimate activities of the Trinity are at best very hard to reconcile with the spirit of the Trinity as a mystery. Worse, such discussions mislocate the source of the problem, which is that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are somehow identical and yet not identical. As the notion of identity is generally construed, this is incoherent no matter how "person," "nature," or what-have-you is analyzed. In this paper I want to sketch an account of identity that will forestall the seeming incoherence of the Trinitarian doctrine.

The identity crisis in dance

Abstract: ject to question. But another source of the problem is general unclarity about what it is essential to preserve. Specifically, what serves as an acceptable criterion of identity on the basis of which a performance can be said to be a performance of a given work? Although we do not intend to provide a definition of dance, we will pick out and elucidate some of its most important properties and their relation to the dance work. The examples we will use are generally recognized by dancers, critics, and audiences. They provide a reliable data base, though they do not exhaust the possibilities by introducing those cases on the extreme experimental fringe of the art form. One popular answer to the identity question is that the work is determined relative to a stable choreography or plan of movement, construed as the specification of a sequence of movements. The performance is the work made manifest. As we will argue, neither this approach nor the more sophisticated version of it offered by Nelson Goodman1 is an adequate criterion of identity

Cocoa Flower Diptera; Their Identity, Pollinating Activity and Breeding Sites

Abstract: The Diptera associated with cocoa flowers throughout the world, their pollinating activity and known breeding sites are reviewed, and the disadvantages of using cages for assessing pollinating potential are discussed.

A Poetic for Sociology: Toward a Logic of Discovery for the Human Sciences

Abstract: psychological language that conceptualized the study of man, his second legacy. Another legacy was his questioning the use of the restrictive methods of the physical sciences and his suggestion of the need for interdisciplinary contributions. He felt psychology, in its search for truth, should draw from anthropology, history and the arts by using each field as a testing ground for the validity of psychological ideas. This could be done without destroying the identity of psychology by using psychoanalytic methods of observation and personal involvement in data collection. Throughout his life, Freud was aware of the criticism of psychoanalysis, and he wrestled to find answers. Because he could not resolve all the issues, a final aspect of his legacy is that he has left a set of challenges to be surmounted, not a definitive set of answers. The value of this book to the arts is its potential contribution to art therapy, for inevitably therapists must ask the questions Freud asked about psychoanalysis and psychology. Foremost is the issue of validity. Do art therapists, indeed, infer from a scientific mechanism called the unconscious, or impose their own unique meaning when interpreting and using one of the arts in therapy? To check the latter tendency, Freud suggests using tests of internal, converging validity-specifically observing whether the interpretations make sense and are elaborated into further associations by clients, followed by new material which 'fits' into the emerging pattern of the 'jig-saw puzzle'. But it should also be remembered by art therapists that Freud saw his work as both inference and imposition. It is through inference that art therapists can develop a scientific method and by imposition that art exercises can enlarge the scope of treatment.

The identification of distilled alcoholic beverages

Abstract: Cluster analysis has been used to relate the composition of spirits to their identity as rums, whiskies and brandies and to their geographical origin. Some rules for identification within limited ranges of analytical results have been developed.

Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness

Abstract: "We see our present with as little understanding as we view our past because aspects of the past which could illumine the present have been concealed from us. This concealment has been effected by a systematic process of mis-education characterized by a thoroughgoing inculcation of colonial values and attitudes--a process which could not have been so effective had we not been denied access to the truth and to part of our written history. As a consequence, we have become a people without a sense of history. We accept the present as given, bereft of historicity. Because we have so little comprehension of our past, we have no appreciation of its meaningful interrelation with the present." Constantino wrote these words in his introductory essay to J.R.M. Taylor's monumental work The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States--and they give a very good indication of the nature of his enterprise. He is described as ahistorian and political scientist. He is neither, in the traditional sense of these terms. He is a highly selective historian who is only interested in a "Usable Past": the programmatic title of the last chapter of his recent History of the Philippines. ~ And his concern with Political Science is no less partisan: a synthesis of knowledge in such a way that it should force his readers to re-examine their attitudes to the forces and events he describes. As a Filipino reviewer of a collection of his political essays put it: "Constantino addresses himself directly to our humanity, and seems to challenge us to prove it. Indeed, I find Dissent and Counter-Consciousness a moving piece of intellectual persuasion... That Constantino is able to recall his readers to their humanity should be a measure of his power as a writer. ''2 Politics and history are closely integrated in Constantino's writings, in the service of demystification and cultural decolonization: the dual task which he consciously and passionately pursues. He knows full well that the pri~e we are asked to pay for the routinized "objectivity" of academic historiography is the reduction of the rich and complex dynamism of the live social process into isolated "facts" and "events." Their transformation into petrified beads, with a hole in each, so that they can be conveniently arranged in a mechanical succession on the thread of lifeless chronology. In Constantino's views: "History for most of us is a melange of facts and dates, of personalities and events, a mixture of hero worship and empty homiletics about our nat-

Relating to Children: Gays as Role Models

Abstract: Within the framework that same-sex sexual preference can be a positive outcome, the developmental aspects of sexual identity are traced. It seems that gender identity is fixed in early childhood, rigid sex-role identity has questionable effects while more flexibility in sex-role behaviors has definite advantages, and sexual preference choices continue to evolve throughout one's lifetime. A review of the literature on role modeling leads to the conclusions that children internalize particular traits from a variety of models, and that gays are more likely to serve as nontraditional sex-role models than as determiners of same-sex sexual preference.

Coping styles of 34 adolescents with cerebral palsy.

Abstract: The author presents a follow-up study of 34 children with cerebral palsy. Eight years previously 23 of these children were attending a special school for handicapped children, and 11 were attending regular schools. The author evaluated the children and their families through formal and informal interviews and by administering parent and teacher rating scales of the children's behavior. He found that the development of these children between the ages of 10 and 14 was highlighted by their increased awareness and their parents' awareness of the permanence of their handicap and their consequent search for personal and, ultimately, occupational identity and their parents' emotional withdrawal.

Differences in Social Participation: Blacks and Whites

Abstract: Three prominent explanations of ethnic differences in social participation-the isolation, compensation, and ethnic community theories-are critically examined and found wanting on several grounds. As an alternative, a socialpsychological approach emphasizing self-efficacy and system-blaming is proposed. A test of the explanation shows that, with some modification, it is an adequate representation of the participation patterns noted among blacks and whites. The findings indicate greater differences within races than between them, a pattern predicted by the proposed theory. Prior explanations, it is concluded, have not adequately accounted for the complexity of social participation; hence much of the debate about their relative viability has been misplaced. Differences in the extent of social participation have long attracted the attention of social scientists. Much of the research centered on the differential involvement of blacks and whites (cf. London; Myrdal et al.; Olsen; Orum; Wright and Hyman) and, more recently, their comparison with Mexican Americans (Antunes and Gaitz; Williams et al.). Three explanations have been commonly offered stressing compensation, isolation, and ethnic communal identity. 1 Central as these interpretations are to an evaluation of potential intergroup conflict and societal integration, they have been rendered only as ex post facto explanations of sample-specific findings. They have not been fully explicated or directly tested. To further confound matters, the explanations have either been viewed as antithetical (Babchuk and Thompson; Orum), suggesting they are not equally viable, or as complementary in that they have been seen as relevant to different