Showing papers on "Identity (social science) published in 1996"

Questions of Cultural Identity

Abstract: Introduction - Stuart Hall Who Needs 'Identity'? From Pilgrim to Tourist - or a Short History of Identity - Zygmunt Bauman Enabling Identity? - Marilyn Strathern Biology, Choice and the New Reproductive Technologies Culture's In-Between - Homi K Bhabha Interrupting Identities - Kevin Robins Turkey/Europe Identity and Cultural Studies - Is That All There Is? - Lawrence Grossberg Music and Identity - Simon Frith Identity, Genealogy, History - Nikolas Rose Organizing Identity - Paul du Gay Entrepreneurial Governance and Public Management The Citizen and the Man about Town - James Donald

Identity, Image, and Issue Interpretation: Sensemaking during Strategic Change in Academia.

Abstract: We would like to acknowledge helpful reviews on earlier drafts of this paper from Michael Dooris, Janet Dukerich, Marlene Fiol, Kristian Kreiner, Ajay Mehra, and Majken Sqhultz. We also acknowledge the assistance of Shawn Clark, David Ketchen, Lee Ann Joyce, and Mark Youndt in the data analysis. This study investigates how top management teams in higher education institutions make sense of important issues that affect strategic change in modern academia. We used a two-phase research approach that progressed from a grounded model anchored in a case study to a quantitative, generalizable study of the issue interpretation process, using 611 executives from 372 colleges and universities in the United States. The findings suggest that under conditions of change, top management team members' perceptions of identity and image, especially desired future image, are key to the sensemaking process and serve as important links between the organization's internal context and the team members' issue interpretations. Rather than using the more common business issue categories of "threats" and "opportunities," team members distinguished their interpretations mainly according to "strategic" or "political" categorizations.'

Democracy and difference : contesting the boundaries of the political

Abstract: Introduction: The Democratic Moment and the Problem of Difference3Pt. 1Democratic Theory: Foundations and Perspectives191Three Normative Models of Democracy212Fugitive Democracy313Using Power/Fighting Power: The Polity464Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy675Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy956Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy120Pt. 2Equality, Difference, and Public Representation1377Dealing with Difference: A Politics of Ideas, or a Politics of Presence?1398Three Forms of Group-Differentiated Citizenship in Canada1539Diversity and Democracy: Representing Differences17110Democracy, Difference, and the Right of Privacy18711Gender Equity and the Welfare State: A Postindustrial Thought Experiment218Pt. 3Culture, Identity, and Democracy24312Democracy, Power, and the "Political"24513Difference, Dilemmas, and the Politics of Home25714Democracy and Multiculturalism27815The Performance of Citizenship: Democracy, Gender, and Difference in the French Revolution29516Peripheral Peoples and Narrative Identities: Arendtian Reflections on Late Modernity314Pt. 4Does Democracy Need Foundations?33117Idealizations, Foundations, and Social Practices33318Democratic Theory and Democratic Experience33619Democracy, Philosophy, and Justification34020Foundationalism and Democracy348List of Contributors361Index365

Members' Responses to Organizational Identity Threats: Encountering and Countering the Business Week Rankings

Abstract: Author(s): Elsbach, KD; Kramer, RM | Abstract: This research investigates how organizational members respond to events that threaten their perceptions of their organization's identity. Using qualitative, interview, and records data, we describe how menebers from eight "top-20" business schools responded to the 1992 Business Week survey rankings of U.S. business schools. Our analysis suggests that the rankings posed a two-pronged threat to many members' perceptions of their schools' identities by (1) calling into question their perceptions of highly valued, core identity attributes of their schools, and (2) challenging their beliefs about their schools' standing relative to other schools. In response, members made sense of these threats and affirmed positive perceptions of their school's identity by emphasizing and focusing on their school's membership in selective organizational categories that highlighted favorable identity dimensions and interorganizational comparisons not recognized by the rankings. Data suggest that members' use of these categorization tactics depended on the level of identity dissonance they felt following the rankings. We integrate these findings with insights from social identity, self-affirmation, and impression management theories to develop a new framework of organizational identity management.

Norms, culture, and world politics: insights from sociology's institutionalism

Abstract: International relations scholars have become increasingly interested in norms of behavior, intersubjective understandings, culture, identity, and other social features of political life. However, our investigations largely have been carried out in disciplinary isolation. We tend to treat our arguments that these things "matter" as discoveries and research into social phenomena as forays into uncharted territory. However, scholars within the fields of international law, history, anthropology, and sociology have always known that social realities influence behavior, and each field has incorporated these social constructions in different ways into research programs. Sociologists working in organization theory have developed a particularly powerful set of arguments about the roles of norms and culture in international life that pose direct challenges to realist and liberal theories in political science. Their arguments locate causal force in an expanding and deepening Western world culture that emphasizes Weberian rationality as the means to both

The texture of memory : Holocaust memorials and meaning

Abstract: The Texture of Memory PART I Germany: The Ambiguity Memory - The Counter-monument: Memory Against Itself in Germany Today The Sites of Destruction The Gestapo-Gelande Austria's Ambivalent Memory. PART 2 Poland: The Ruins of Memory - The Rhetoric of Ruins - Majdanek and Auschwitz The Biography of a Memorial Icon - The Warsaw Ghetto Monument Broken Tablets and Jewish Memory in Poland Today. PART 3 Israel: Holocaust, Heroism and National Redemption: Israel's Memorial Landscape: Forests, Monuments, Kibbutzim Yad Vashem - Israel's Memorial Authority When a Day Remembers - A Performative History of Yom Hashoah. PART 4 America: Memory and the Politics of Identity - The Plural Faces of Memory in America Memory and the Politics of Identity - Boston and Washington, DC.

Narrative as self-portrait: Sociolinguistic constructions of identity

Abstract: The ability of narrative to verbalize and situate experience as text (both locally and globally) provides a resource for the display of self and identity. This article focuses on two stories told by Jewish-American women about troublesome issues in their families. Analysis of the language of the stories shows how they reveal aspects of the storytellers' agentive and epistemic selves; how they construct positions in their families (pivoting between solidarity and distance, the provision of autonomy, and the exercise of power); and how they display their social identities as mothers. The view of identity offered through narrative analysis is briefly compared with other methodological and theoretical perspectives on identity. (Narrative, self, identity, gender, family, speech acts)

Identity, culture, and the postmodern world

Abstract: Beginning and the end An introduction - writing the self the home, the journey and the border identity and narrative identity and the unconscious identity and difference Foucault - discipline and the self Foucault - sex and the technologies of the self the conditions of postmodernity from Marxism to postmodernism consumer identity and commodity aesthetics national identity - "Englishness" and education race, ethnicity and nationness culture, imperialism and identity

Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place.

Abstract: Objective : The purpose of this article is to describe the psychological processes that are affected by geographic displacement. Method : The literature from the fields of geography, psychology, anthropology, and psychiatry was reviewed to develop a psychology of place and to determine the manner in which place-related psychological processes are affected by upheaval in the environment. Results : The psychology of place is an emerging area of research that explores the connection between individuals and their intimate environments. The psychology of place posits that individuals require a good enough environment in which to live. They are linked to that environment through three key psychological processes : attachment, familiarity, and identity. Place attachment, which parallels, but is distinct from, attachment to person, is a mutual caretaking bond between a person and a beloved place. Familiarity refers to the processes by which people develop detailed cognitive knowledge of their environs. Place identity is concerned with the extraction of a sense of self based on the places in which one passes one's life. Each of these psychological processes-attachment, familiarity, and place identity-is threatened by displacement, and the problems of nostalgia, disorientation, and alienation may ensue. Conclusions : As a result of war, decolonization, epidemics, natural disasters, and other disruptive events, millions of people are currently displaced from their homes. Protecting and restoring their mental health pose urgent problems for the mental health community.

The Colonizer/Colonized Chicana Ethnographer: Identity, Marginalization, and Co-optation in the Field.

Abstract: In this article, Sofia Villenas describes her experience of being caught in the midst of oppressive discourses of "othering" during her work as a Chicana ethnographer in a rural North Carolina Latino community. While Villenas was focusing on how to reform her relationship with the Latino community as "privileged" ethnographer, she missed the process by which she was being co-opted by the dominant English-speaking community to legitimate their discourse of Latino family education and child-rearing practices as "problem." By engaging in this discourse, she found herself complicit in the manipulation of her own identities and participating in her own colonization an marginalization. Through her story, Villenas recontextualizes theories about the multiplicity of identities of the researcher. She problematizes the "we" in the literature of qualitative researchers who analyze their race, class and gender privileges. Villenas challenges dominate-culture education ethnographers to move beyond the researcher-as-co...

The Social Psychology of Clothing: Symbolic Appearances in Context

Abstract: CONTENTS Part One: Symbolic Appearances in Context - The Social Psychology of Clothing - Toward a Contextual Perspective - Clothing, Appearance and the Social Construction of Gender Part Two: Appearance and the Self - The Body in Context - Appearance and Self-Concept - Appearance Management and Self-Presentation Part Three: Appearance Communication in Context - The Underlying Context of Appearance - Appearance and Social Cognition - Perceiver Variables - Appearance Commnication: A Two-Way Process Part Four: Appearance and Culture - Appearance in Group and Organisational Culture - Society, Appearance and Fashion - Cultural Categories, Appearances and Social Stratification Part Five: Culture Change and Continuity - Cultural Dynamics and Identity Construction - Fashion Change: Social-Psychological Process in Cultural and Historical Context - Global Influences and Identity Expression Part Six: Symbolic Appearances in Diverse Contexts - Emerging insights, Expanding Possibilities - Clothes, Communities, Identities

New Ethnicities and Urban Culture: Racisms and Multiculture in Young Lives

Abstract: Part 1 Racism, community and youth culture: "white flight" - locality, nostalgia and the preservation of privilege neighbourhood nationalism - youth, race, nation and identity social context and racist practice. Part 2 Transculturism and the politics of dialogue: "our area" - community, resistance and multiculture "not something we're new to, it's something we grew to..." - youth, identification and alliance experiencing and parodying racism. Part 3 Black music, youth culture and syncretism: "Inglan, nice up" - black music, autonomy and the cultural intermezzo future reality - racisms, new ethnicity and the millennium.

Revisioning Sexual Minority Identity Formation A New Model of Lesbian Identity and its Implications for Counseling and Research

Abstract: This article describes a new, inclusive model of lesbian identity formation. A rationale for the model is presented, which includes a review of relevant literature in lesbian/gay identity, racial/ethnic identity, and gender issues related to identity development. Three case studies are presented to elucidate the applications of the model to counseling, and the article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the model for research.

Identity and cultural studies: Is that all there is?

Abstract: 68 Ahmad, 'Islamic reassertion', p. 758. 69 Martin Stokes, The Ambesk Debate: Music and Musicians in TI/rk~'y, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992, p. 1. See also Martin Stokes, 'blam, the Turkish state and ilrabcsk', Popular Music, 1], 2/ 1992; Gilles Andrieux, 'Musique: alaturka 011 alafranka', Alltreml!ll/, Serie monde, 29, March 1988. 70 See ASH Aksoy ilnd Kevin Robins, 'Istanbul between civilisation and discontent', New Perspectives 011 Turkey, 10, Spring 1994. 71 Ay§e Oncu, 'Packnging Islam: cultural politics on the landscape of Turkish commercial television', New Perspfctives 0/1 Turkey, 10, Spring, 1994. 72 Rusen ~aklr, 'La Mobilisation islamique en Turquie', Esprit. August 1992.011 religious foundations, see also Faruk Bilici, 'Sociabilitc et expression politique islamistes en Turquie: Ies nouveaux vakif,;;', Revue Frnn~'aise de Sdence Politique, 43, 3, June 1993. 73 See Fulyc:l Atacan, Radical Islamic Thought ill TlIrkey: Zaman newspaper, J Novl'mllt'r 1986-30 May 1987, Current Turkish Thought, no. 64, Redhouse Press, Istanbul, 1991. 74 See Michael E. Meeker, 'The new Muslim intellectuals in the Republic of Turkey', in Tapper, Islam i/1 Modem Turkey; Binnaz Toprak, 'Islamist intellectuals: revolt against industry and technology', in Metin Heper, Ay§l' Oncll and Heinz Kramer (eds). Turkey and the West: Changing Political and Cultural Idcntities, 1. B. Tauris, London, 1993. 75 Quoted in Atacon, Radical Islamic TlIOU!(ht. p. 8 76 Ali Bula~, 'Medine vesikasl hakkmda genel bilgiler', Birikim, 38-9, 1992; '50zle§me temclinde toplumsal proje', Birikim, 40, 1992. On the significance (If the Medinc:ln regim(' in Islamic utopianism, see AI-Azmeh, lslams, pp. 97-8. 77 Rusen <;aklT, 'Islami bir Iiberalizm dogacak', Aydmllk, 15 July] 993. 78 Nihifer G61e, 'Ingenieurs islamistes et etudiantes valees en Turquic: entre Ie totalit

Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers

Abstract: Introduction: Civilizing Projects and the Reaction to themPart I: The Historiography of Ethnic Identity: Scholarly & Official DiscoursesThe Naxi and the Nationalities QuestionThe History of the History of the YiDefining the MiaoMaking HistoriesPere Vial and the Gni-P'a: Orientalist Scholarship and the Christian ProjectVoices of Manchu Identity, 1635-1935Part II: The History of Ethnic Identity: The Process of PeoplesMillenarianism, Christian Movements, & Ethnic Change Among the Miao in Southwest ChinaChinggis Khan: From Imperial Ancestor to Ethnic HeroThe Impact of Urban Ethnic Education on Modern Mognolian Ethnicity, 1940-1966On the Dynamics of Tai/Dai-Lue Ethnicity: An Ethnohistorical AnalysisGlossaryReferencesContributorsIndex

Time, Culture and Identity: An Interpretative Archaeology

Abstract: Time, Culture and Identity questions the modern western distinctions between: * nature and culture * mind and body * object and subject. Drawing on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Julian Thomas develops a way of writing about the past in which time is seen as central to the emergence of the identities of people and objects.

Justifying work: Occupational rhetorics as resources in restaurant kitchens.

Abstract: Occupational rhetoric has been referred to elsewhere, generally with less emphasis on self-identity, as "occupational ideology." Those who speak of occupational ideology typically refer to a worldview or coherent perspective, learned through socialization, that articulates the relationship between the occupation and other types of work. Occupations often have been defined as belonging to a particular class of work, linked to a single occupational rhetoric. In contrast, I argue here that most occupations are segmented in terms of divisions among workers, among work tasks, and among occupational identities. I present evidence from an ethnographic study of restaurant cooks to demonstrate that workers rely on a variety of occupational rhetorics as resources to define their work and their identity. I claim that cooks draw on the alternative rhetorics of profession, art, business, and labor to shape how they think of themselves as workers. The paper shows that occupational identity is socially, temporally, and spatially situated, raising the question of when particular rhetorical strategies will be relied upon.*

Medical sociology, chronic illness and the body

Abstract: The sociological conceptualisation of chronic illness requires a sociology which indicates the physicality of the body theoretically. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the body might be integrated into sociological accounts of the experience of chronic illness in a way that acknowledges biological and social facts. Central to our argument is the connection between bodily aspects of self and identity. Self and identity are core aspects of everyday experience and of the everyday experience of illness. With the onset of illness bodily functioning alters and self-conceptions and identity may also change. The body, which in many social situations is a taken for granted aspect of the person, ceases to be taken for granted once it malfunctions. The bodily basis of chronic illness has to be attended to because it limits or interferes with other physical and social activities. The connection between biological and social facts is explored using the concepts of self and identity.

Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data

Abstract: The fundamental developmental hypothesis of the identity status model is that as adolescents become older they undergo progressive developmental shifts in identity status: from diffusion to foreclosure or moratorium, from foreclosure to moratorium, and from moratorium to identity achievement. In Study I we give an overview of identity status studies carried out during the period 1966–1993 and show that progressive developmental trends (PDTs) are found in most of these studies. However, they usually involve progressive developmental trends in one of the higher or lower statuses (PDT 1), while only a small minority involve systematic progressive developmental trends, i.e., in at least three statuses (PDT≥3). It is easier to show progressive developmental trends with separate measures for commitment and exploration than with identity status classification. Study II reports on our own research into relational identity, measured with a new instrument: the Utrecht-Groningen Identity Development Scale (U-GIDS). Application of the U-GIDS allows the construction of four statuses: diffusion, moratorium, closed commitment and achieving commitment. For these four statuses progressive developmental trends were found for relational identity in both one of the higher and one of the lower statuses. The four statuses of our model display exactly the same connection with psychological well-being as the statuses of Marcia's model. The high commitment statuses show the highest level of psychological well-being, followed by the diffusions, while the moratoriums are the least happy. This result offers a new perspective on moratorium as a high identity status. Finally it was found that the differences in psychological well-being among the statuses become greater as adolescents become older.

Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India

Abstract: Winner of Coomaraswamy Prize 1998. In this path-breaking and entertaining study, the author concentrates on the problem of what to wear rather than describing what is worn. She demonstrates how different individuals and groups have used clothes to assert power, challenge authority, define or conceal identity, and instigate or prevent social change at various levels of Indian society from the village to the nation. Three main issues are addressed: questions of national identity as seen through the clothing controversies of the Indian elite in the late colonial period; questions of local identity as experienced by women in rural Gujarat; and the recent development of urban fashion trends which reappropriate regional styles. Emma Tarlo demonstrates the complexity of interaction between these different levels of sartorial change. Thus she combines ethnographic analysis of Gandhi's loincloth and village embroidery with a rich depiction of the importance of clothing in India. The work is amply illustrated with over 100 photographs, advertisements and cartoons.

Self and Other in International Relations

Abstract: The study of identity offers a possibility to theorize on the human collectives of world politics, to give them an ontological status, and to discuss how they are constituted and maintain themselves. The first part discusses social theorizing of collective identity along the ethnographic, the psychological, the Continental philosophical, and particularly, the `Eastern excursion' of theorizing; Bakhtin, Levinas and Kristeva are lauded for jettisoning a dialectical mode of analysis in favour of a dialogical one which respects difference. The second part discusses how Der Derian, Shapiro, Campbell, the `Copenhagen coterie' and Wendt have brought this theorizing into IR, and assesses their work in terms of that discussed in the first part. The study of identity formation should do away with psychologizing conjecture and focus on the drawing on social boundaries and the role played by groups who are ambiguously poised between the self and the others. Collective identities are overlapping and multifaceted pheno...

Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race

Abstract: Introduction: The Context of Race DAVID B. WILKINS 3 Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections K. ANTHONY APPIAH 30 Part 1. Analysis. Against Races 30 Part 2. Synthesis: For Racial Identities 74 Responding to Racial Injustice AMY GUTMANN 106 Part 1. Why Question the Terms of Our Public Debate? 108 Part 2. Must Public Policy Be Color Blind? 118 Part 3. Should Public Policy Be Class Conscious Rather than Color Conscious? 138 Part 4. Why Not Aim for Proportional Representation by Race? 151 Part 5. What's Morally Relevant about Racial Identity? 163 Epilogue K. ANTHONY APPIAH 179 Index 185

Unraveling the "Model Minority" Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth

Abstract: Unraveling the "Model Minority" Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth, by Stacey J. Lee. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.160 pp. $39.00, cloth; $17.95, paper. Reviewed by Donna Y. Ford, The University of Virginia; and Deneese L. Jones, The University of Kentucky. There seems to be a national obsession with explaining the high educational achievement of Asian American students, who are often referred to as the "model minority." Educators and researchers in particular have relied heavily on comparative research and theory to explain why some minority groups fare better than others educationally and economically. The most popular theory has been that advanced by Ogbu (1978, 1990, 1992), through his comparison of what he calls involuntary and voluntary minority groups. Unraveling the "Model Minority" offers a brief but interesting analysis of Ogbu's theory regarding members of this latter group. Countering Ogbu, Lee contends that his analysis (a) fails to explain why Asians do not perform as well in their respective countries of origin as they do in the United States; (b) fails to explain poor achievement among Asian Americans; and (c) treats voluntary minorities as a homogeneous group, thereby ignoring within-group differences among various Asians (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Like Ogbu, Lee places heavy emphasis on comparing the achievements of Asian Americans with African Americans. This is not a criticism, however, for Lee is to be commended for being one of few researchers who has put pen to paper in an effort to raise readers' awareness as well as their consciousness regarding the myths and motives surrounding the seemingly positive stereotype of Asian Americans. As Christine Sleeter states in the Foreword, "the model minority image authorizes flat denial of racism and structures of racial dominance, and silences those who are not economically successful" (p. ix). In unraveling the model minority stereotype, this work illustrates how it is used both as a hegemonic device to support notions of meritocracy and individualism, and as an obvious but long-ignored tactic to pit people of color against each other. The book is based on a qualitative study conducted in a high school located in a major city on the East Coast, north of the Mason-Dixon line. Of the 2,050 students enrolled at this school, 45% were White, 35% Black, 18% Asian American, and 2% members of other racial/ethnic groups. Lee early explains that several questions guided this study, among them the following: What do Asian American student identities explain about the formation of ethnic//racial identity? How does the variation in Asian American student identity contribute to our understanding of the literature on immigrant minorities? How did the model minority stereotype influence Asian American student identity? What identities were encouraged and discouraged by the school? How did the model minority stereotype influence race relations? What influence did the school have on race relations? In search of answers to these questions, Lee conducted semistructured interviews with 47 of the 356 Asian American students, a number of teachers, and several of the school's Black students. The book centers on the experiences of students from four Asian American identity groups: Korean-identified students; Asian-identified students; Asian Americanidentified students; and "New Wavers," a group Lee describes as personifying a culture of resistance to extant racial/ethnic identities. Accordingly, she notes that these four groups are categorized based on the students' levels of racial identity and pride, levels of acculturation, cultural orientations (values, beliefs, behaviors), and attitudes toward school and achievement. After reading this book, readers may begin to sense how the model minority stereotype serves to ease the guilt and appease the conscience of those who wish to ignore the nation's most trenchant social ills-namely, racism, prejudice, and discrimination. …