Showing papers on "Ideology published in 1982"

Iran between two revolutions

Abstract: Emphasizing the interaction between political organizations and social forces, Ervand Abrahamian discusses Iranian society and politics during the period between the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 and the Islamic Revolution of 1977-1979. Presented here is a study of the emergence of horizontal divisions, or socio-economic classes, in a country with strong vertical divisions based on ethnicity, religious ideology, and regional particularism. Professor Abrahamian focuses on the class and ethnic roots of the major radical movements in the modem era, particularly the constitutional movement of the 1900s, the communist Tudeh party of the 1940s, the nationalist struggle of the early 1950s, and the Islamic upsurgence of the 1970s. In this examination of the social bases of Iranian politics, Professor Abrahamian draws on archives of the British Foreign Office and India Office that have only recently been opened; newspaper, memoirs, and biographies published in Tehran between 1906 and 1980; proceedings of the Iranian Majles and Senate; interviews with retired and active politicians; and pamphlets, books, and periodicals distributed by exiled groups in Europe and North America in the period between 1953 and 1980. Professor Abrahamian explores the impact of socio-economic change on the political structure, especially under the reigns of Reza Shah and Muhammad Reza Shah, and throws fresh light on the significance of the Tudeh party and the failure of the Shah's regime from 1953 to 1978.

The normative origins of positive theories: Ideology and accounting thought

Abstract: “Positive”, “descriptive” and “empirical” theories are frequently promoted as being more realistic, factual and relevant than normative approaches. This paper argues that “positive” or “empirical” theories are also normative and value-laden in that they usually mask a conservative ideological bias in their accounting policy implications. We argue that labels such as “positive” and “empirical” emanate from a Realist theory of knowledge; a wholly inadequate epistemological basis for a social science. We use an alternative philosophical position (of Historical Materialism) together with a historical review of the concept of value to illustrate first, the partisan role played by theories and theoreticians in questions concerning social control, social conflict and social order; second, the ideologically conservative underpinnings of positive accounting theories; and last, some indications of alternative (radical) approaches to accounting policy.

Symbolic and structural archaeology

Abstract: List of contributors Preface Part I. The Development of Theory: 1. Theoretical archaeology: a reactionary view Ian Hodder 2. Artefacts as products of human categorisation processes D. Miller 3. Social formation, social structures and social change Christopher Tilley 4. Epistemological issues raised by a structuralist archaeology M. Alison Wylie Part II. The Search for Models: 5. Matters material and ideal Susan Kus 6. House power: Swahili space and symbolic markers Linda Wiley Donley 7. The interpretation of spatial patterning in settlement residues H. L. Moore 8. Decoration as ritual symbol: a theoretical proposal and an ethnographic study in southern Sudan Mary Braithwaite 9. Structures and strategies: an aspect of the relationship between social hierarchy and cultural change D. Miller 10. Mortuary practices, society and ideology: an ethnoarchaeological study Michael Parker Pearson Part III. Application: The Analysis of Archaeological Materials: 11. Boundedness in art and society Margaret W. Conkey 12. Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communication: a reinterpretation of Neolithic mortuary practices Michael Shanks and Christopher Tilley 13. Ideology, change and the European Early Bronze Age Stephen Shennan 14. Sequences of structural change in the Dutch Neolithic Ian Hodder Part IV. Commentary: Childe's offspring Mark Leone Index.

Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown

Abstract: With this influential book of essays, Jonathan Z. Smith has pointed the academic study of religion in a new theoretical direction, one neither theological nor willfully ideological. Making use of examples as apparently diverse and exotic as the Maori cults in nineteenth-century New Zealand and the events of Jonestown, Smith shows that religion must be construed as conventional, anthropological, historical, and as an exercise of imagination. In his analyses, religion emerges as the product of historically and geographically situated human ingenuity, cognition, and curiosity-simply put, as the result of human labor, one of the decisive but wholly ordinary ways human beings create the worlds in which they live and make sense of them. "These seven essays . . . display the critical intelligence, creativity, and sheer common sense that make Smith one of the most methodologically sophisticated and suggestive historians of religion writing today. . . . Smith scrutinizes the fundamental problems of taxonomy and comparison in religious studies, suggestively redescribes such basic categories as canon and ritual, and shows how frequently studied myths may more likely reflect situational incongruities than vaunted mimetic congruities. His final essay, on Jonestown, demonstrates the interpretive power of the historian of religion to render intelligible that in our own day which seems most bizarre."-Richard S. Sarason, "Religious Studies Review "

Sex, Politics and Society. The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800

Abstract: Preface 1. Sexuality and the historian 2. 'That damned morality': sex in Victorian ideology 3. The sacramental family: middle-class men, women and children 4. Sexuality and the labouring classes 5. The public and the private: moral regulation in the Victorian period 6. The construction of homosexuality 7. The population question in the early twentieth century 8. The theorisation of sex 9. Feminism and socialism 10. Sex psychology and birth control 11. Towards a conservative modernity 12. The state and sexuality 13. The permissive moment 14. Personal politics and moral conservatism 15. A new world? Index

Ideology, Culture and The Process of Schooling: An Extended Review of Henry Giroux

Abstract: (1982). IDEOLOGY, CULTURE AND THE PROCESS OF SCHOOLING: AN EXTENDED REVIEW OF HENRY GIROUX. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 66-78.

Media Analysis Techniques

Abstract: PART I. TECHNIQUES OF INTERPRETATION 1. Semiotic Analysis A Brief History of the Subject The Problem of Meaning Social Aspects of Semiotics: The Individual and Society Saussure on the Science of Semiology Signs Forms of Signs Signs and Advertising Material Culture Objects and Identity Signs and Truth Activities and Performances Music and Sound Effects Facial Expressions as Signs Hyperreality Language and Speaking Connotation and Denotation The Synchronic and the Diachronic Syntagmatic Analysis Paradigmatic Analysis Intertextuality Dialogical Theory Metaphor And Metonymy Codes Semiotics of the Television Medium Some Criticisms of Semiotic Analysis A Checklist for Semiotic Analysis of Television Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography 2. Marxist Analysis Materialism The Base and the Superstructure False Consciousness and Ideology The Frankfurt School Class Conflict Alienation The Consumer Society John Berger on Advertising Bourgeois Heroes Hegemony The Problem of Media Consolidation The Danger of Being Doctrinaire Grid-Group Analysis Mary Douglas and "Shopping" Marxist Criticism in the Postmodern World Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography 3. Psychoanalytic Criticism The Unconscious Sexuality William A. Rossi on Sexual Aspects of the Foot and Shoe The Oedipus Complex On the Importance of Myth Id, Ego, and Superego Freud's Structural Hypothesis Applied to Culture Symbols Defense Mechanisms Dreams Condensation and Displacement Aggression and Guilt Stereotypes and Aggressive Humor Freud and Beyond Jungian Psychoanalytic Theory Archetypes Psychoanalytic Analysis of Media: A Cautionary Note Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography 4. Sociological Analysis Emile Durkheim on Our Social Nature Some Basic Concepts Avarice Bureaucracy Class (Socio-Economic) Culture Deviance Ethnicity Functionalism Lifestyle Marginalization Mass Communication and Mass Media Postmodernism Race Role (Social) Sex (Gender) Socialization Status Stereotypes Values Uses and Gratifications 2 Genres and Formulas Content Analysis Leo Lowenthal on Content Analysis Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Annotated Bibliography PART II. APPLICATIONS 5. Murderers on the Orient Express Organizing a Mystery Detectives as Semioticians Social and Political Dimensions Poirot as Revolutionary Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 6. Seven Points on the Game of Football Football Is a Game of Signs Instant Replay and the Modern Sensibility Football Socializes Us Statistics About Televised Football Why Baseball Is Boring Football as an Alternative to Religion The Marxist Perspective Football and the Psyche Concluding Remarks Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 7. The Maiden With the Snake: Interpretations of a Print Advertisement Signs in Signs: A Primer on Applied Semiotics The Maiden in Paradise: A Case Study A Paradigmatic Analysis of the Fidji Advertisement Psychoanalytic Aspects of the Fidji Text An Aside on Moisturizers and Anxiety Final Comments on Perfume and Anxiety Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 8. All-News Radio and the American Bourgeoisi News and Alienation News and Ruling-Class Ideology Commercials and Anxiety Caught in the Middle News from Internet and Social Media Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 9. Video Games: A New Art Form Are Video Games an Art Form or a Medium? New Technologies and Video Games Janet Murray on Interactivity and Immersion Video Games and Addiction Video Games and the Problem of Violence Social and Physical Problems Caused by Video Games Video Games and Sexuality Conclusions Study Questions and Topics for Discussion 10. Cell Phones, Social Media and the Problem of Identity Media Use by 8 to 18 Year Olds Social Media A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Youth and Social Media The Cell Phone as Sign: A Semiotic Perspective Marxist Perspectives on Cell Phones Conclusions Study Questions and Topics for Discussion Appendix: Simulations, Activities, Games, and Exercises Anatomy of a Tale Paradigmatic Analysis Dream Analysis Writing a Therapeutic Fairy Tale Origin Tales Radio Scripts Television Narrative Analysis The Propp Game Metaphors Advertising Analysis Playing Aaron Wildavsky Textual Analysis Glossary References Name Index Subject Index About the Author

Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan

Abstract: In this revised edition of his well-received 1985 volume, Raymond Gathoff incorporates newly declassified secret Russian as well as American materials into his account of American-Soviet relations from 1969-1980. The book considers both the broader context of world politics and internal political considerations and developments, and examines these developments as experienced by both sides. It also recounts how differences in ideology, perceptions, aims and interests were key determinants of both US and Soviet policies.

Gramsci's Political Thought: An Introduction

Abstract: A lucid, easily comprehensible account of Gramsci's ideas and their relevance to modern society, this guide details the notions of hegemony, civil society, ideology and national popular.

A Dictionary of Political Thought

Abstract: Containing 1700 entries, this dictionary covers every aspect of political thought, defining concepts and ideologies, surveying the arguments on issues, giving capsule histories of political institutions, and summarizing the thought of major political theorists. Among the topics it comments on are the collapse of communism, the rise of nationalism in eastern Europe, and integration in western Europe.

Federalism and Federation

Abstract: This study of federalism and federation dissects certain problems which have arisen in the description and analysis of the federal form of government. The author does this by applying logical analysis to the necessary elements in the notion of federal union federalism as the expression of a political ideology or ideologies, and federation as an institution or pattern of institutions. He begins by establishing federal ideology as a type of pluralism, which provides the basis for an examination of contrasting interpretations of federalism and then considers the institutions of federation, drawing extensively on empirical examples. The underlying assumption of this work is that it is virtually useless to talk descriptively about institutions without engaging simultaneously in a theoretical analysis of the terms in which this is done.

Bantu Education: apartheid ideology or labour reproduction?

Abstract: (1982). Bantu Education: apartheid ideology or labour reproduction? Comparative Education: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 59-75.

Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920

Abstract: Charles Reagan Wilson documents that for over half a century there existed not one, but two civil religions in the United States, the second not dedicated to honoring the American nation. Extensively researched in primary sources, Baptized in Blood is a significant and well-written study of the South's civil religion, one of two public faiths in America. In his comparison, Wilson finds the Lost Cause offered defeated Southerners a sense of meaning and purpose and special identity as a precarious but distinct culture. Southerners may have abandoned their dream of a separate political nation after Appomattox, but they preserved their cultural identity by blending Christian rhetoric and symbols with the rhetoric and imagery of Confederate tradition."Civil religion" has been defined as the religious dimension of a people that enables them to understand a historical experience in transcendent terms. In this light, Wilson explores the role of religion in postbellum southern culture and argues that the profound dislocations of Confederate defeat caused southerners to think in religious terms about the meaning of their unique and tragic experience. The defeat in a war deemed by some as religious in nature threw into question the South's relationship to God; it was interpreted in part as a God-given trial, whereby suffering and pain would lead Southerners to greater virtue and strength and even prepare them for future crusades. From this reflection upon history emerged the civil religion of the Lost Cause.While recent work in southern religious history has focused on the Old South period, Wilson's timely study adds to our developing understanding of the South after the Civil War. The Lost Cause movement was an organized effort to preserve the memory of the Confederacy. Historians have examined its political, literary, and social aspects, but Wilson uses the concepts of anthropology, sociology, and historiography to unveil the Lost Cause as an authentic expression of religion. The Lost Cause was celebrated and perpetuated with its own rituals, mythology, and theology; as key celebrants of the religion of the Lost Cause, Southern ministers forged it into a religious movement closely related to their own churches.In examining the role of civil religion in the cult of the military, in the New South ideology, and in the spirit of the Lost Cause colleges, as well as in other aspects, Wilson demonstrates effectively how the religion of the Lost Cause became the institutional embodiment of the South's tragic experience.

Feminism, Criticism, and Foucault

Abstract: In a lecture given onJanuary 6, 1976 and later published in a collection of interviews entitled Power/Knowledge, Michel Foucault discusses his own work in terms of the discovery over the past fifteen years of"a certain fragility in the bedrock of existence even, and perhaps above all, in those aspects of it that are most familiar, most solid, and most intimately related to our bodies and our everyday behavior."' And he relates this "vulnerability to criticism" of aspects of knowledge and power that have long been obscured to a recognition of the inhibiting effects of"global, totalitarian theories."' His polemics against systematizing, universalizing theories and their will to truth are clearly directed in part at scientific Marxism and its economism as well as to the "laws" of psychoanalysis; and his History of Sexuality challenges various 20thcentury sexual liberationists' attempts to combine those two theories.s Certainly, both his polemics and his methodological breaks with traditional social theory make him interesting for feminists, whose political and theoretical projects converge at important points with the provocations of Foucault. Feminist theory and political strategies have effected a profound shift in conceptions of "politics" and in assumptions about the location and exercise of power. Having identified the ideological construction of the sexed subject as a crucial place to situate the question of sexual difference and the struggle against women's oppression, radical and lesbian feminists in particular have consistently refused to privilege the economic over the ideological conditions of oppression and change; they have legitimized the struggle over the production, distribution and transformation of meaning as a focus for political intervention and opposition. Of course, American radical and lesbian feminist literature and political strategies have been and continue to be criticized with varying degrees of legitimacy by Marxists and Marxist-feminists

The Problem of medical knowledge : examining the social construction of medicine

Abstract: case is made for the proposition that medical knowledge is inextricably embedded in the basic values, mores, experiences, and ideologies of the society that gives it birth, and as such, medicine cannot claim special detachment or truth as its own. The writers of this volume seek to show the limits of the view that separates medicine, as a technical and scientific calling, from other social and intellectual forces, therefore setting it apart from factors that influence these activities. The viewpoint of the modern scientific revolution, which separates medical facts and theories from social values and contexts, is presented here as falsely dichotomizing their linkage and unity. The perspective of "social constructivism," which this school of thought calls itself, is, the volume's editors' state, "that medicine is a form of social practice which observes, codifies and understands . . . suffering, both within its technically organized communities and as part of society at large . . . our purpose is to demonstrate the necessarily social character of all medical knowledge." An essay in this volume on asthma, for example, attempts to show the interpenetration of clinical observa¬ tions, moral values, and social atti¬ tudes in shaping the definition of this disease. The separation of medical knowl¬ edge and practice from its social context is presented here as render¬ ing difficult the ability of a physically centered medical science to under¬ stand and treat adequately basic life problems having strong social and cultural ties such as aging, mental illness, and reproductive problems, as well as difficulty in general in inte¬ grating the physical, social, and moral aspects of life that are inextricably part of all illness. A good deal of further research is needed to examine just how far one can extend the validity of social constructivist hypotheses about the ori¬ gins of medical theory and practice. The work of these and other authors suggests this is an important under¬ taking. It has already produced theo¬ retical and empirical knowledge, which should make us look hard at basic assumptions underlying the medical facts and views we use.

Sport, culture and ideology.

Abstract: 1. Theorising Sport: An Introduction Jennifer Hargreaves 2. Sport, Culture and Ideology John Hargreaves 3. 'Highlights and Action Replays' - Ideology, Sport and the media Alan Clarke and John Clarke 4. Women and Leisure Christine Griffin, Dorothy Hobson, Sue MacIntosh and Trisha McCabe 5. Women in Sport in Ideology Paul Willis 6. Sport and Youth Culture David Robins 7. On the Sports Violence Question: Soccer Hooliganism Revisited Ian Taylor 8. Sport and Drugs Martyn Lucking 9. Sport and Communism - On the Example of the USSR 10. The Politics of Sports Apartheid Peter Hain.

being “Maasai”; being “people‐of‐cattle”: ethnic shifters in East Africa

Abstract: Conventional notions of ethnicity are similar to Maasai ideology, which asserts that the term Maasai refers to a nonproblematical, unitary, and given social entity. The term serves not as a simple ethnic marker, however, but as a pragmatic shifter. Its sense and reference vary across the ethnosociological context, signifying economic practice, the social margin, and the pastoral division of labor. The semiotic process, then, generates, rather than simply represents, the social order [ethnicity, semiotics, East African pastoralism, ideology, symbolic classification, economics]

Marxism and law

Abstract: In this introduction to Marxism and the law, Hugh Collins presents a unified and coherent view of Marxism, which he uses to examine the specific characteristics of legal institutions, rules, and ideals. He pays particular attention to the place of ideology in law, the distinction between base and superstructure, and the destiny of law in a Communist society. His principal theme is the Marxist critique of the ideal of the Rule of Law. He argues that the main purpose of a Marxist theory of law is to expose the belief in the Rule of Law as being a subtle and pervasive ideology which serves to obscure the structures of class domination within the State. The author frequently subjects the Marxist approach to criticism and he shows that many of the Marxist claims about law are unproven or misconceived. The book is written in straightforward non-technical language which requires no knowledge of either Marxism or law.

Introduction to Politics

Abstract: List of Figures and Tables Preface to the third edition Preface to the second edition Preface to the third edition Part I: The Study of Politics: 1 The Meaning and Scope of Politics 2 Approaches and Levels 3 Key Concepts - 1: Power, Authority and Legitimacy 4 Key Concepts - 2: Ideology, Interest and Choice 5 Models in the Study of Politics 6 Models of Democracy - 1: Alternatives 7 Models of Democracy - 2: The Debate 8 The Scope and Responsibility of the State Part II: The Context of Politics: 9 Political Stability 10 History, Tradition and Myth 11 The Economic and Social Context of Politics Part III: National Politics in Operation: 12 Party Politics 13 Group Politics 14 Executives 15 Assemblies 16 Executive-Assembly Relations 17 Bureaucracies 18 Laws, Courts and Judges 19 The Police and the Military Part IV: Supranational and Subnational Politics: 20 Global Politics: Approaches to Analysis: Charlotte Bretherton 21 Global Politics: Processes of Change: Charlotte Bretherton 22 Nationalism, Federalism and Devolution 23 Local Politics Part V: Links Between Government and People: 24 Legitimacy 25 Political Socialization 26 Representation and Elections 27 Other Forms of Participation References

The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political Systems

Abstract: This article is an effort to establish a comparative theoretical framework for the study of civil-military relations in communist political systems. Although the literature on civil-military relations in polyarchic and praetorian polities is theoretically as well as empirically rich, theories of civil-military relations in the field of comparative communism are still at the preliminary stage of development. It is argued that civil-military relations, like all the fundamental dynamics of communist political systems, derive from the structural relationship between a hegemonic Leninist party and the other institutions of the polity. Although the party directs and supervises all other institutions, its political supremacy is necessarily limited by the division of labor among various institutions. The relative autonomy of the military and its relations with the party vary from one country to another and can be described as coalitional, symbiotic, or fused. These relations are dynamic, changing over time in each country in response to contextual circumstances. The role of the military in politics is complex and variegated: on ideological issues, there is usually little conflict between party and army; on issues of “normal politics,” the military acts as a functionally specific elite engaged in bargaining to defend its perceived institutional interests; and in crisis politics, the military is a political resource that various party factions seek to enlist against their opponents.

Resistance and Relative Autonomy Theories: problems of distortion and incoherence in recent Marxist analyses of education

Abstract: This article takes issue with the claims of Arnot & Whitty in the previous number of this journal, that many recent Marxist analyses of education are theoretically ‘open’ and use evidence to interrogate theory. On the contrary, it is argued, contemporary Marxist sociology of education is characterised by theoretical closure and an absence of empirical rigour. The reason for these shortcomings is to be found in a third factor which Arnot & Whitty mistakenly regard as a virtue of recent Marxist analyses — the optimistic commitment to social transformation. The effect of such commitments on the validity of social scientific explanations, it is suggested, have made themselves fell in two ways: in distorted theories of resistance and transformation, where schools are seen as sites of resistance and struggle as well as places of ideological subjection; and in incoherent theories of relative autonomy which attempt to demonstrate the simultaneous autonomy and dependence of schooling. At the end of the ar...

Using political ideas

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: who needs political theory? ideology. Part 2 Ideologies: liberalism Marxism socialism anarchism conservatism totalitarianism beyond ideology - nationalism. Part 3 Ideas: democracy power, authority and the state freedom and rights obligation and protest social justice and equality.