Imaging technology

About: Imaging technology is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1450 publications have been published within this topic receiving 26186 citations.

The Physics of Medical Imaging

Abstract: Introduction - and some challenging questions. In the beginning. Diagnostic radiology with x-rays: Introduction The imaging system and image formation Photon interactions Important physical parameters X-ray tubes Image receptors Digital radiology. Quality assurance and image improvement in diagnostic radiology with x-rays. Introduction to quality assurance: Basic quality-assurance tests for x-ray sets Specific quality-assurance tests Data collection and presentation of the results Summary of quality assurance Improvement in radiographic quality Scatter removal Contrast enhancement Summary of methods of image enhancement. X-ray transmission computed tomography: The need for sectional images The principles of sectional imaging Fourier-based solutions: The method of convolution and backprojection Iterative methods of reconstruction Other considerations. Clinical applications of X-ray computed tomography in radiotherapy planning: X-ray computed tomography scanners and their role in planning Non-standard computed tomography scanners. The physics of radioisotope imaging: Introduction Radiation detectors Radioisotope imaging equipment Radionuclides for imaging The role of computers in radioisotope imaging Static and dynamic planar scintigraphy Emission computed tomography Quality control and performance assessment of radioisotope imaging equipment Clinical applications of radioisotope imaging. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Introduction Basic physics Engineering principles of ultrasonic imaging Clinical applications and biological aspects of diagnostic ultrasound Research topics. Spatially localised nuclear magnetic resonance: Introduction The development of nuclear magnetic resonance Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequences Relaxation processes and their measurement Nuclear magnetic resonance image acquisition and reconstruction Spatially localised spectroscopy Instrumentation Nuclear magnetic resonance safety. Physical aspects of infrared imaging: Introduction Infrared photography Transilluminaton Infrared imaging Liquid-crystal thermography Microwave thermography. Imaging of tissue electrical impedance: The electrical behaviour of tissue Tissue impedance imaging Suggested clinical applications of applied potential tomography. Imaging by diaphanography: Clinical applications Physical basis of transillumination Experimental arrangements. The mathematics of image formation and image processing: The concept of object and image The relationship between object and image The general image processing problem Discrete Fourier representation and the models for imaging systems The general theory of image restoration Image sampling Two examples of image processing from modern clinical practice Iterative image processing. Perception and interpretation of images. Introduction The eye and brain as a stage in an imaging system Spatial and contrast resolution Perception of moving images Quantitative measures of investigative performance. Computer requirements of imaging systems: Single- versus multi-user systems Generation and transfer of images Processing speed Display of medical images Three-dimensional image display: methodology Three-dimensional image display: clinical applications. Epilogue: Introduction The impact of radiation hazard on medical imaging practice Attributes and relative roles of imaging modalities References. Index.

Pre-clinical whole-body fluorescence imaging: Review of instruments, methods and applications

Abstract: Fluorescence sampling of cellular function is widely used in all aspects of biology, allowing the visualization of cellular and sub-cellular biological processes with spatial resolutions in the range from nanometers up to centimeters. Imaging of fluorescence in vivo has become the most commonly used radiological tool in all pre-clinical work. In the last decade, full-body pre-clinical imaging systems have emerged with a wide range of utilities and niche application areas. The range of fluorescent probes that can be excited in the visible to near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum continues to expand, with the most value for in vivo use being beyond the 630 nm wavelength, because the absorption of light sharply decreases. Whole-body in vivo fluorescence imaging has not yet reached a state of maturity that allows its routine use in the scope of large-scale pre-clinical studies. This is in part due to an incomplete understanding of what the actual fundamental capabilities and limitations of this imaging modality are. However, progress is continuously being made in research laboratories pushing the limits of the approach to consistently improve its performance in terms of spatial resolution, sensitivity and quantification. This paper reviews this imaging technology with a particular emphasis on its potential uses and limitations, the required instrumentation, and the possible imaging geometries and applications. A detailed account of the main commercially available systems is provided as well as some perspective relating to the future of the technology development. Although the vast majority of applications of in vivo small animal imaging are based on epi-illumination planar imaging, the future success of the method relies heavily on the design of novel imaging systems based on state-of-the-art optical technology used in conjunction with high spatial resolution structural modalities such as MRI, CT or ultrasound.

Optical Coherence Tomography for Optical Biopsy: Properties and Demonstration of Vascular Pathology

Abstract: Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed medical diagnostic technology that uses back-reflected infrared light to perform in situ micron scale tomographic imaging. In this work, we investigate the ability of OCT to perform micron scale tomographic imaging of the internal microstructure of in vitro atherosclerotic plaques. Methods and Results Aorta and relevant nonvascular tissue were obtained at autopsy. Two-dimensional cross-sectional imaging of the exposed surface of the arterial segments was performed in vitro with OCT. A 1300-nm wavelength, superluminescent diode light source was used that allows an axial spatial resolution of 20 μm. The signal-to-noise ratio was 109 dB. Images were displayed in gray scale or false color. Imaging was performed over 1.5 mm into heavily calcified tissue, and a high contrast was noted between lipid- and water-based constituents. making OCT attractive for intracoronary imaging. The 20-μm axial resolution of OCT allowed small structural details such as the width of intimal caps and the presence of fissures to be determined. The extent of lipid collections, which had a low backscattering intensity, also were well documented. Conclusions OCT represents a promising new technology for imaging vascular microstructure with a level of resolution not previously achieved with the use of other imaging modalities. It does not require direct contact with the vessel wall and can be performed with a catheter integrated with a relatively inexpensive optical fiber. The high contrast among tissue constituents, high resolution, and ability to penetrate heavily calcified tissue make OCT an attractive new imaging technology for intracoronary diagnostics.

The Potential of Radiomic-Based Phenotyping in Precision Medicine: A Review

Abstract: Importance Advances in genomics have led to the recognition that tumors are populated by distinct genotypic subgroups that drive tumor development and progression. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of solid tumors has been a critical barrier to the development of precision medicine approaches because the standard approach to tumor sampling, often invasive needle biopsy, is unable to fully capture the spatial state of the tumor. Image-based phenotyping, which represents quantification of the tumor phenotype through medical imaging, is a promising development for precision medicine. Observations Medical imaging can provide a comprehensive macroscopic picture of the tumor phenotype and its environment that is ideally suited to quantifying the development of the tumor phenotype before, during, and after treatment. As a noninvasive technique, medical imaging can be performed at low risk and inconvenience to the patient. The semantic features approach to tumor phenotyping, accomplished by visual assessment of radiologists, is compared with a computational radiomics approach that relies on automated processing of imaging assays. Together, these approaches capture important information for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. Conclusions and Relevance Although imaging technology is already embedded in clinical practice for diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and response assessment, the transition of these computational methods to the clinic has been surprisingly slow. This review outlines the promise of these novel technologies for precision medicine and the obstacles to clinical application.

Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3D Imaging

Abstract: This is the second edition of the established guide to close-range photogrammetry which uses accurate imaging techniques to analyse the three-dimensional shape of a wide range of manufactured and natural objects. After more than 20 years of use, close-range photogrammetry, now for the most part entirely digital, has become an accepted, powerful and readily available technique for engineers, scientists and others who wish to utilise images to make accurate 3D measurements of complex objects. Here they will find the photogrammetric fundamentals, details of system hardware and software, and broad range of real-world applications in order to achieve this. Following the introduction, the book provides fundamental mathematics covering subjects such as image orientation, digital imaging processing and 3D reconstruction methods, as well as a discussion of imaging technology, including targeting and illumination, and its implementation in hardware and software. It concludes with an overview of photogrammetric solutions for typical applications in engineering, manufacturing, medical science, architecture, archaeology and other fields.