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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The incorporation of 35S into C-bonded S was investigated in this paper, showing that up to 90% of the incorporated 35S was found in the biomass-S pool.
Abstract: Sulphur transformations in soil maintained in a closed incubation system were monitored by means of labelling with radioactive 35S-SO4. The distribution of 35S between phosphate-extraetable S, biomass-S, hydriodic acid (HI)-reducible S and carbon-bonded S was determined at intervals of between 1 and 120 days of incubation. In studies were carrier free 35S-SO4 was added to soil, the amount and rate of 35S incorporation into the soil depended on the treatment of the soil prior to incubation. When soil was conditioned (maintained at 20°C and 75% field moisture capacity for 2 weeks) prior to the addition of 35S, there was a comparatively slow rate of incorporation. An average of 8–19% 35S incorporation occurred within 1–5 days and a maximum of 48% incorporation between 90 and 120 days. Air-dried soil incubated without conditioning, showed a faster incorporation in the short to medium term, 14–28% 35S incorporated within 1–5 days, and a maximum of 43% incorporation after c 60 days. A third treatment, using air-dried soil to which 1% glucose C had been added, showed a very high and rapid rate of incorporation of 35S into soil organic fractions within 5 days of incubation. A maximum of 84% incorporation was reached within 16 days. The incorporation of 35S into HI-reducible and C-bonded forms of S showed considerable differences between treatments. In the short-term, most of the incorporation in the conditioned soil was into HI-reducible forms. The two treatments which received no conditioning showed a much higher proportion of 35S incorporation into C-bonded S. In the longer term, in the air-dried and glucose-treated samples, some of the 35S originally incorporated into C-bonded forms of S appeared to be transformed to HI-reducible S or remobilized to extractable forms of S. Microbial biomass in the conditioned soil showed no significant labelling until the 24th day of incubation. The other two treatments showed significant amounts of 35S incorporation into the biomass within 3 days, and could account for the higher level of 35S in C-bonded forms in these treatments. In the glucose-treated soil, in the short-term, up to 90% of the incorporated 35S was found in the biomass-S pool. Addition of carrier sulphate together with 35S-SO4 appeared to have a retarding effect on the incorporation of the 35S into the soil. In the presence of added sulphate, most of the incorporated 35S was present as HI-reducible S and there was no significant labelling of the soil biomass-S during 32 days of incubation.

61 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1989-Blood
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a secreted platelet protein can bind to and enter endothelial cells and may explain the rapid clearance of released PF-4 from plasma and could have important local effects on endothelial structure and function.

61 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors discuss the evidence that incubation period is inversely related to dose, the use of incubationperiod as a marker for dose, and the role that individual differences in susceptibility play in determining both the incubation periods and the outcome.
Abstract: The associations between infecting dose, incubation period, and the severity of disease were examined in a large outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium which occurred at a medical conference in Wales in 1986. Persons who had eaten two or more pieces of the chicken vehicle had, on average, shorter geometric mean incubation periods than those who had only eaten one piece: 16.6 hours (95% confidence interval (CI) 13.5-20.5) compared with 20.7 hours (95% CI 19.0-22.6) (t = 1.97, p < 0.05). Incubation period was negatively correlated with the maximum frequency of diarrheal stools (r = -0.46, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.33), the maximum temperature reached (r = -0.34, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.16), the duration of symptoms (r = -0.41, 95% CI -0.53 to -0.26), and the amount of time taken off from work (r = -0.54, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.41). Those with shorter incubation periods were more likely to have been hospitalized. There was no association between chicken consumption and any of the measures of severity. The authors discuss the evidence that incubation period is inversely related to dose, the use of incubation period as a marker for dose, and the role that individual differences in susceptibility play in determining both the incubation period and the outcome.

61 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the α-galactosidase and N-acetyl-α-gal actosaminidase activities in purified α-GalactosIDase B are due to the same protein containing a single catalytic site.

60 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The eggs of sea birds with long incubation times are large in relation to the size of the adult bird in the two species that have been studied, and the high energy content of the egg is paralleled by the greater total amount of oxygen consumed during incubation, so that prolonged incubation probably entails a comparatively high allocation of energy resources to maintenance requirements.
Abstract: Sea birds with long incubation periods are identified, together with the features of their incubation physiology which distinguish them from birds in general. Most sea birds with prolonged incubation are members of the order Procellariformes. The majority of Pelecaniformes and Charadniformes with long incubation periods are tropical species. The total amount of water lost from the egg during incubation is a similar fraction of the initial egg weight in sea birds with prolonged incubation as in other birds. The oxygen consumption of the newly hatched chick is similarly related to the chick weight, regardless of the duration of incubation. Within the constraints imposed by these similarities, sea birds with prolonged incubation display a number of adaptations. The daily rate of water loss from the egg, the water vapor conductance of the egg shell, and the total functional pore area of the egg are all relatively low in sea birds with prolonged incubation. The eggs of sea birds with long incubation times are large in relation to the size of the adult bird in the two species that have been studied, the high energy content of the egg is paralleled by the greater total amount of oxygen consumed during incubation. However, the growth of the embryo is relatively slow in at least one sea bird with a long incubation time so that prolonged incubation probably entails a comparatively high allocation of energy resources to maintenance requirements. In some species with prolonged incubation, the interval between pipping and hatching is also long and it appears to be a period of great physiological importance. Ecologically prolonged incubation is associated with either pelagic feeding habits or a tropical environment, both factors may be related to food supply.

60 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136