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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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TL;DR: The results indicate that survival to pre-eyed (STPE), eyed (STE) and hatched (STH) stages of development were all negatively correlated with the percentage of fine sediment entering the baskets during the incubation period.
Abstract: The existence of a negative relationship between fine sediment infiltration during the incubation period and salmonid embryo survival has often been discussed in the literature. However, few studies have specifically addressed this relationship in the field. We conducted a field experiment to examine the relationship between survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos contained in incubation baskets and the patterns of fine sediment infiltration into the baskets during the incubation period. The results indicate that survival to pre-eyed (STPE), eyed (STE) and hatched (STH) stages of development were all negatively correlated with the percentage of fine sediment entering the baskets. STPE and STE were most strongly affected by silts and clays (<0.063 mm) although this size class represented only a small fraction of the grain size distribution inside the incubation baskets (0.03–0.41%). STH was most strongly correlated with the infiltration of medium sand (0.25–0.50 mm) material. On average, 66% of the implanted embryos survived to the pre-eyed stage of development compared to 63% for the eyed and 48% for the hatched stages of development.

57 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of factors like moisture, salinity and temperature on the release of N in plant-available forms (NH4 and NO3+NO2-N) and potentially mineralizable N in soil over a period of 8 weeks following amendment with leguminous plant residues.
Abstract: A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of factors like moisture, salinity and temperature on the release of N in plant-available forms (NH4 and NO3+NO2-N) and potentially mineralizable N in soil over a period of 8 weeks following amendment with leguminous plant residues. In this experiment, soil samples salinized to ECe 7, 9, and 18 dS m -1 (original ECe was 5.0 dS m -1 ) were amended with 0.5% plant material of Sesbania aculeata and incubated at three moisture levels of 15, 30 and 45%, w/w and three temperature regimes of 20, 30 and 40 o C for 8 weeks. Soil samples were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks for the determination of NH4-N, NO3+NO2-N and mineralizable N. Ammonification of organic N as determined by the accumulation of NH4-N in soil was found to increase with time as salinity, moisture and temperature increased. However, the increase was more pronounced at higher moisture levels. While temperature had a positive effect on nitrification, increased salinity and moisture depressed the process. Net mineralization of N increased with time in all the treatments; the process being enhanced at higher incubation temperature with a maximum at 40 o C. Salinity and high moisture had a depressing effect on the mineralization of N. The content of mineralizable N determined by NH4-N accumulation following 2 weeks of incubation under submerged conditions in soil remained higher under high moisture conditions, while high salinity and temperature had a variable and negative effect. Apparently, high moisture content conserved organic N due to reduced mineralization, while high temperature had an opposite effect. A complete loss of NO3-N was observed during incubation of soil samples for the determination of mineralizable N. This was attributable to denitrification as sufficient amount of easily oxidizable C was still present in the soil after 8 weeks of incubation under relatively aerobic conditions.

57 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Manipulating the incubation temperature for 4 d in early incubation alters muscle development in the turkey with no observation of deformities or reduction in hatchability, and it is speculated that this increase in temperature may result in an improved muscle growth in the post-hatch bird.
Abstract: 1. The effect of manipulating egg incubation temperature for short periods on turkey muscle development was determined using the M. semitendinosus, a thigh muscle, as the model. 2. Experiment 1. Eggs were incubated at a control temperature of 37·5°C. For a 4-d period of 0 to 4, 5 to 8, 9 to 12, 13 to 16, 17 to 20 or 21 to 24 embryonic days (ED) eggs were transferred to either 38·5 or 35·5°C. A regime of 38·5°C at 5 to 8 and 9 to 12 ED caused an increased myonuclei number and muscle fibre number, respectively. 3. Experiment 2. Eggs were incubated at a control temperature of 37·5°C. At 5 to 8 ED eggs were transferred to 38·5 or 35·5°C. Temperature-manipulated embryos showed a delay in differentiation (myogenin expression) of the semitendinosus muscle compared to controls. 4. Manipulating the incubation temperature for 4 d in early incubation alters muscle development in the turkey with no observation of deformities or reduction in hatchability. We speculate that this increase in temperature may result in an...

57 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: While there was diversity observed among the strains, in general the stationary-phase acid resistances of several of the strains were enhanced, at least transitorily, by growth in the acidogenic medium.
Abstract: The association of powdered infant formula with cases of severe Enterobacter sakazakii infections in immunocompromised and premature neonates has led to a need to learn about the basic behavior of this emerging pathogen in food systems and the environment. The current study examines the microorganism's stationary-phase acid resistance using 12 strains that had been previously used to characterize its thermal resistance. Acid resistance was determined by initially culturing the isolates for 18 h in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) at 36 °C, transferring the cells to tryptic soy broth (TSB) adjusted to pH 3.0 and 3.5, and determining E. sakazakii survival over the course of 5 h incubation at 36 °C. At pH 3.5, 10 of the 12 strains showed less than a 1 log cycle decline over the 5-h incubation period, with the most acid sensitive strain showing an approximate 3.5 log cycle decline. At pH 3.0, the decline over the 5-h incubation period ranged from 4.9 to >6.3 log cycles; however, substantial diversity was evident when the 1-h/pH 3.0 results were compared. The effect of habituating the cells to a moderately acidic environment was determined by growing the strains in TSB with 0% (nonacidogenic) and 1% glucose (acidogenic), transferring the cells to acidified (pH 3.0) BHI, and determining E. sakazakii survival over the course of 5 h of incubation at 36 °C. While there was diversity observed among the strains, in general the stationary-phase acid resistances of several of the strains were enhanced, at least transitorily, by growth in the acidogenic medium. No apparent correlation between the stationary-phase relative acid resistances of the strains based on the 1-h/pH 3.0 acid inactivation values and the previously reported thermal D-values was observed.

57 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: LC may enhance sperm motility following incubation and centrifugation, while it might not affect sperm viability and DNA oxidation, in conclusion.
Abstract: In vitro incubation and centrifugation is known to decrease human sperm quality. In the human body, besides its antioxidant effects, L-carnitine (LC) facilitates the transport of activated fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. In this study, we investigated the effect of LC on human sperm motility, viability and DNA oxidation after incubation and centrifugation, following the sperm preparation protocols of assisted reproduction. Normozoospermic semen samples (n = 55) were analysed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. LC concentrations that are not toxic to spermatozoa as determined by sperm motility and viability were standardised after 2 and 4 h of incubation at 37 °C. Semen samples to which the optimal LC concentrations were added were also centrifuged for 20 min at 300 g and analysed for sperm motility, viability and DNA oxidation. Sperm motility was improved at 0.5 mg ml(-1) LC after incubation and centrifugation with 5 × 10(6) sperm ml(-1). Higher concentration of LC (50 mg ml(-1)) significantly decreased sperm motility and viability. LC did not alter the baseline of sperm DNA oxidation during both incubation and centrifugation. In conclusion, LC may enhance sperm motility following incubation and centrifugation, while it might not affect sperm viability and DNA oxidation.

57 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136