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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that lipid synthesis from glucose is also enhanced over a narrow range of H2O2 concentrations (0.15 to 0.5 mM) added to the incubation medium, and these findings add to the growing list of insulin effects that are reproduced by H 2O2, and strengthen the hypothesis that assigns H2 O2 the role of "second messenger" of insulin.

194 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Dec 1988-Nature
TL;DR: It is concluded that incubation periods are longer than previously reported; there is a distinct knee in the incubation period distribution at seven months which suggests two risk populations; and that there is an increase in incidence which is consistent with exponential growth.
Abstract: A recent seroprevalence study of newborns indicates that one in 62 children born in New York City has antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)1. The distribution of incubation periods for paediatric patients is needed to estimate future AIDS case loads from these seroprevalence data. Current estimates of incubation periods for paediatric patients are based on limited data2–5. We use parametric5,6 and non-parametric7,8 methods to analyse incubation periods for 215 paediatric patients with AIDS whose only known route of infection is maternal. We conclude that incubation periods are longer than previously reported9; that there is a distinct knee in the incubation period distribution at seven months which suggests two risk populations; and that there is an increase in incidence which is consistent with exponential growth.

192 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The inhibition of L. monocytogenes in the presence of high acidity appears to be a function of acid and incubation temperature, and based on equal pH values, the antimicrobial activity is AA > LA > CA ≥ MA > HCl at all incubation times and temperatures.

190 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that appreciable metabolic costs of incubation commonly exist, and that the incubation of enlarged clutches can impose penalties on birds, and it is proposed that the optimal clutch size of birds may in part by shaped by the number of eggs the parents can afford to incubate.
Abstract: We reviewed information on the demands of incubation to examine whether these could influence the optimal clutch size of birds. The results indicate that appreciable metabolic costs of incubation commonly exist, and that the incubation of enlarged clutches can impose penalties on birds. In 23 studies on 19 species, incubation metabolic rate (IMR) was not elevated above the metabolic rate of resting non-incubating birds (RMR), but contrary to the physiological predictions of King and others, IMR was greater than RMR in 15 studies on 15 species. Across species, IMR was substantially above basal metabolic rate (BMR), averaging 1.606×BMR. Of six studies on three species performed under thermo-neutral conditions, none found IMR to be in excess of RMR. IMRs measured exclusively within the thermo-neutral zone averaged only 1.08×BMR contrasting with the significantly higher figure of 1.72×BMR under wider conditions. 16 of 17 studies on procellariiforms found IMR below RMR, indicating a significant difference between this and other orders. We could find no other taxonomic, or ecological factors which had clear effects on IMR. Where clutch size was adjusted experimentally during incubation, larger clutches were associated with: significantly lower percentage hatching success in 11 of 19 studies; longer incubation periods in eight of ten studies; greater loss of adult body condition in two of five studies; and higher adult energy expenditure in eight of nine studies. Given that incubation does involve metabolic costs and given that the demands of incubation increase sufficiently with clutch size to affect breeding performance, we propose that the optimal clutch size of birds may in part by shaped by the number of eggs the parents can afford to incubate.

187 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with atypical cutaneous infections should be questioned about high-risk exposures that may have occurred up to 9 months before the onset of symptoms, because the incubation period for cutaneous M. marinum infection can be prolonged.
Abstract: The diagnosis of cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection is often delayed for months after presentation, perhaps because important clinical clues in the patient's history are frequently overlooked. Knowledge of the incubation period allows the clinician to target questions about the patient's history. Prompted by a case with a prolonged incubation period, we sought to determine more precisely the incubation period of M. marinum infection. The MEDLINE database for the period 1966-1996 was searched for information regarding incubation period and type of exposure preceding M. marinum infection. Ninety-nine articles were identified, describing 652 cases. Forty cases had known incubation periods (median, 21 days; range, 5-270 days). Thirty-five percent of cases had an incubation period > or =30 days. Of 193 infections with known exposures, 49% were aquarium-related, 27.4% were related to fish or shellfish injuries, and 8.8% were related to injuries associated with saltwater or brackish water. Because the incubation period for cutaneous M. marinum infection can be prolonged, patients with atypical cutaneous infections should be questioned about high-risk exposures that may have occurred up to 9 months before the onset of symptoms.

186 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136