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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Under capacitating conditions (TCM), the coefficients of linearity (LIN) and straightness (STR) significantly increased over time and suggests that capacitated boar spermatozoa may have a species-specific motility pattern.

51 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that only females in good condition can afford to adopt a strategy of increasing bout length early in incubation; females in poorer condition first have to recover their body condition after having produced a clutch.

51 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The transport of Sr differs from the transport of such heavy metals, as Cd, Pb, and Ni, and is similar in many aspects to the distribution of calcium, another alkaline earth metal, probably due to similar physical and chemical properties of their ions.
Abstract: Two-day-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.) were incubated on 3 mM and 35 μM solutions of Sr(NO3)2, and the toxic effects of strontium were assessed by measuring, in the course of four days of incubation, the daily increments of the primary root length and also the root and shoot length by day 7 of incubation, and the length of the fully elongated cells. Sodium rhodizonate, a reagent developing the colored complex with Sr, was used to follow Sr distribution in maize tissues and organs following 2, 24, 48, and 168 h of incubation. Sr was found in all root tissues as soon as after 24 h of incubation; it accumulated mostly in the cell apoplast, whereas its content in the protoplasts was considerably lower. Strontium readily crossed the endodermal barrier via the symplast and was immobilized predominantly in the pericycle cell walls; therefore, it did not hamper root branching. Strontium did not affect the final cell length and hindered root growth (at the concentration of 3 mM) by inhibiting cell division. In the shoots, Sr was found in the xylem cell walls in the vascular bundles of coleoptile, mesocotyl, and leaves on the second day of incubation, an evidence for high Sr mobility. We conclude that the transport of Sr differs from the transport of such heavy metals, as Cd, Pb, and Ni, and is similar in many aspects to the distribution of calcium, another alkaline earth metal, probably due to similar physical and chemical properties of their ions.

51 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High incubation temperature can be beneficial in the short term, but costs of accelerated embryonic development may equal those of protracted development in the long term because hidden consequences of faster development could maintain natural selection for average incubationTemperature.
Abstract: Because incubation by birds is energetically costly, parents frequently trade off investment in incubation against self-maintenance. This can be manifested by a reduction in incubation temperature, which comes at high somatic costs for nestlings. The extent to which these costs constrain fitness is poorly understood. We incubated wild blue tit clutches at three biologically relevant temperatures and subsequently recorded winter survival and survival to the breeding season. Fledglings from the coldest treatment (35.0°C) survived less well than other fledglings, but the proportion of winter and breeding survivors did not differ significantly between treatments. However, survival probability in both seasons increased with body mass at fledging in birds from low and mid incubation temperatures, but decreased with fledging body mass in the high-temperature treatment. Mid-temperature nestlings were heavier as adults, weighing 7% more than low- and high-temperature survivors. Thus, high incubation temperature can be beneficial in the short term, but costs of accelerated embryonic development may equal those of protracted development in the long term. Such hidden consequences of faster development could maintain natural selection for average incubation temperature.

51 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Observations suggest that incubation might be an energetic bottleneck for breeding and thus could be a contributory factor in the determination of clutch size in this species.
Abstract: The costs of incubation were studied in a population of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca both by gathering non-manipulative data and performing clutch size manipulations in three successive seasons. Enlarging clutch size caused a prolonged incubation and increased hatching failures in every year. The length of incubation did not differ between control and reduced clutches but was extended by 0.8 d in enlarged clutches. The manipulation of clutch size did not affect the weight of incubating females. However, in 1993 the incubation weight of females was negatively correlated with the length of incubation. Adverse spring weather most likely caused the many abnormalities and failures during incubation in 1993. Seven females disappeared and three dead females were found in nest-boxes during the incubation period. Moreover, in six nests one or two eggs were rolled to the rim of the nest cup presumably by the incubating female. All these observations suggest that incubation might be an energetic bottleneck for breeding and thus could be a contributory factor in the determination of clutch size in this species.

51 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136