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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was hypothesized that the rate of embryonic development, as measured by hours of incubation, navel score, embryo and chick weights, is accelerated by an exposure to light during incubation.

44 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study estimated the incubation period distribution of human influenza A( H7N9) infections using exposure data available for 229 patients with laboratory-confirmed A(H7n9) infection from mainland China using a nonparametric model and several parametric models fitted to the data.
Abstract: A novel avian influenza virus, influenza A(H7N9), emerged in China in early 2013 and caused severe disease in humans, with infections occurring most frequently after recent exposure to live poultry. The distribution of A(H7N9) incubation periods is of interest to epidemiologists and public health officials, but estimation of the distribution is complicated by interval censoring of exposures. Imputation of the midpoint of intervals was used in some early studies, resulting in estimated mean incubation times of approximately 5 days. In this study, we estimated the incubation period distribution of human influenza A(H7N9) infections using exposure data available for 229 patients with laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) infection from mainland China. A nonparametric model (Turnbull) and several parametric models accounting for the interval censoring in some exposures were fitted to the data. For the best-fitting parametric model (Weibull), the mean incubation period was 3.4 days (95% confidence interval: 3.0, 3.7) and the variance was 2.9 days; results were very similar for the nonparametric Turnbull estimate. Under the Weibull model, the 95th percentile of the incubation period distribution was 6.5 days (95% confidence interval: 5.9, 7.1). The midpoint approximation for interval-censored exposures led to overestimation of the mean incubation period. Public health observation of potentially exposed persons for 7 days after exposure would be appropriate.

44 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It appears that both SI and SGLT-1 mRNA are expressed before hatch in the chick, but the ontogeny of expression is controlled by different mechanisms.
Abstract: Ingestion of carbohydrates from the small intestine is the major route of energy supply in animals In mammals these functions develop both pre- and postnatally and are coordinated for the sucking period In birds, the physiological requirements are different and hatchlings ingest diets rich in complex carbohydrates soon after hatching The present study examined the ontogeny of intestinal carbohydrate uptake in the chicken The expression of mRNA for a brush border enzyme, sucrase-isomaltase (SI), which is critical in disaccharide digestion, was determined, together with that of the Na-glucose transporter (SGLT)-1, which is the major apical glucose transporter, In addition, the homeobox gene cdx, which is involved in inducing SI expression in mammals was examined It was found that the expression of cdxA mRNA and cdxA protein increased from day 15 of incubation until hatch, after which further changes were small CdxA protein was shown to bind to the promoter region of SI in the chick indicating that cdxA is similar to the mammalian cdx2 The mRNA of SI was observed at 15 d incubation, increased from 17 d of incubation to a peak on day 19, decreased at hatch and had a further peak of expression 2 d post-hatch In contrast, the mRNA of SGLT-1 was not detected until 19 d of incubation when a major peak of expression was observed followed by a decrease to low levels at hatch and small increases post-hatch It appears that both SI and SGLT-1 mRNA are expressed before hatch in the chick, but the ontogeny of expression is controlled by different mechanisms

44 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results showed that M2 was better fit than M1 for describing the ecological toxicity dose effect of cadmium on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a paddy soil and the ecological dose increased in turn with increased incubation time.
Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is ubiquitous in the human environment and has toxic effect on soil microbial biomass or its activity, including microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and basal respiration (BR), etc., Cmic, DHA, BR were used as bioindicators of the toxic effect of Cd in soil. This study was conducted to determine the effects of Cd on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a paddy soil. The inhibition of microbial biomass and its activity by different Cd concentrations was described by the kinetic model (M1) and the sigmoid dose-response model (M2) in order to calculate three ecological doses of Cd: ED50, ED10 and ED5. Results showed that M2 was better fit than M1 for describing the ecological toxicity dose effect of cadmium on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a paddy soil. M2 for ED values (mg/kg soil) of Cmic, DHA, BR best fitted the measured paddy soil bioindicators. M2 showed that all ED values (mg/kg) increased in turn with increased incubation time. ED50, ED10 and ED5 of Cmic with M2 were increased in turn from 403.2, 141.1, 100.4 to 1000.7, 230.9, 144.8, respectively, after 10 d to 60 d of incubation. ED50, ED10 and ED5 of DHA with M2 increased in turn from 67.6, 6.2, 1.5 to 101.1, 50.9, 41.0, respectively, after 10 d to 60 d of incubation. ED50, ED10 and ED5 of BR with M2 increased in turn from 149.7, 6.5, 1.8 to 156.5, 50.8, 35.5, respectively, after 10 d to 60 d of incubation. So the ecological dose increased in turn with increased incubation time for M2 showed that toxicity of cadmium to soil microbial biomass and its activity was decreased with increased incubation time.

44 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A significantly better and longer preservation of sperm quality when incubation is performed at RT is indicated, which may convince laboratories to change the routinely used sperm storage conditions in order to maximize the quality of the prepared sperm sample.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of long-term (24h) in-vitro sperm incubation at room temperature (RT; 23°C) versus testis temperature (35°C) on various sperm-quality parameters. Semen samples (n=41) were prepared both by density-gradient centrifugation (DGC) and the swim-up technique in order to compare the influence of sperm preparation on sperm quality after incubation. Progressive motility and morphology were significantly higher after incubation at RT compared with 35°C (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). The proportions of acrosome-reacted, apoptotic and dead spermatozoa were significantly lower in samples incubated for 24h at RT compared with 35°C (P<0.001, P=0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). The number of motile, morphologically normal, non-acrosome-reacted and nonapoptotic spermatozoa recovered after sperm preparation was significantly higher in DGC compared with swim-up samples (P<0.001). However, spermatozoa prepared by swim-up showed better survival after incubation compared with DGC-prepared spermatozoa, especially when incubated at 35°C. In conclusion, this study indicates a significantly better and longer preservation of sperm quality when incubation is performed at RT. These findings may convince laboratories to change the routinely used sperm storage conditions in order to maximize the quality of the prepared sperm sample.

44 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136