Topic
Incubation
About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
••
01 Dec 1979-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: Cirolana borealis is adapted to maintain a high ATP output per unit time, which suits the high energy demand under natural anaerobic conditions, and shows a marked Pasteur effect.
Abstract: 1.
Cirolana borealis utilises glycogen during anaerobiosis and shows a marked Pasteur effect. In 18h, 20–30 mg/g dry weight were converted, about half of the initial total glycogen content (Table 1).
2.
Lactate is the major end product, while succinate and alanine are minor end products. 27–52% of the lactate produced was excreted into the incubation water (Tables 2 and 3). A good stoichiometric relationship was obtained between the glycogen consumed and the accumulation of these end products.
3.
Small amounts of glutamate and aspartate contribute to the carbon flow, which could be of significance for obtaining redox balance (Table 3).
4.
ATP production during anoxia was 75% of that during the standard aerobic state.
5.
It is concluded that anaerobic fermentative metabolism ofC. borealis is adapted to maintain a high ATP output per unit time, which suits the high energy demand under natural anaerobic conditions.
6.
WhenC. borealis are subjected to experimental anoxia they expel their gut contents and the incubation water becomes enriched with acetate, propionate, and amino acids. Most of these compounds probably stem directly from the gut content, while some, like acetate, may be produced by microbial activity. Starvation and anaerobic preincubation resulted in a marked lowering of the amounts of these compounds in the incubation water.
43 citations
••
TL;DR: For all treatment types, there was a clear shift in the CLPP during decomposition; during incubation, the relative utilization of carbohydrates decreased and the usage of amino acids increased respectively.
Abstract: Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and community level physiological profiles (CLPP) based on substrate utilization were studied during the decomposition of maize litter under different simulated soil management systems. Laboratory experiments were conducted on agricultural soil samples from Denmark, Germany, and Italy. Maize litter was either placed on soil surface (mulched) or mixed into soil (incorporated) to simulate two soil management types: tillage and no-tillage. Control samples lacking maize litter were also investigated. All soil samples were incubated at 14°C for 52 weeks. Microbial parameters were assessed after 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 52 weeks of incubation. During incubation, we found a significant decrease in microbial biomass C in the soils amended with litter. For all treatment types, there was a clear shift in the CLPP during decomposition; during incubation, the relative utilization of carbohydrates decreased and the usage of amino acids increased respectively. After 52 weeks of incubation, the CLPP from all treatment types were very similar.
43 citations
••
TL;DR: Evidence is presented which relates bacterial recovery to metabolic repair of the mechanism for the synthesis of deoxy-ribonucleic acid after damage by irradiation after exposure to ultra-violet light.
Abstract: Doudney and Haas1 reported a marked increase in survival (‘recovery’) of Escherichia coli strain B when incubated following exposure to ultra-violet light in a nitrogen-free medium. This effect is similar to that described by Roberts and Aldous2 in 1949. In 1958, these workers3 reported that chloramphenicol, added to E. coli strain B cultures after 30 min. incubation following exposure to ultra-violet radiation, promotes a marked increase in survival. However, if the chloramphenicol is added immediately following irradiation, no increase in survival is observed with incubation. The results suggested that protein synthesis is necessary to bacterial recovery initially but is detrimental with subsequent incubation. Recently Gillies and Alper4 confirmed these basic findings with ultra-violet radiation and extended them to X-rays. This communication presents evidence which relates bacterial recovery to metabolic repair of the mechanism for the synthesis of deoxy-ribonucleic acid after damage by irradiation.
43 citations
••
TL;DR: The results suggest that the contrasting effects of the incubation and fledging periods are related to the timing of the development of immune cells and of NAbs and complement, which largely mature during the embryonic phase of development.
Abstract: Constitutive innate immunity is the first lined of defence against infections, but the causes determining its variability among species are poorly understood. The pace of life hypothesis predicts that species with a fast speed of life, characterized by high energy turnover and short developmental time, invest relatively little in defence in favour of growth and early reproduction, whereas ‘slow-living’ species are predicted to invest more resources into costly defence. We conducted phylogenetic comparative analysis on 105 European bird species and determined that the number of leukocytes, and the levels of natural antibodies (NAbs) and complement, measured on adult birds, increased or tended to positively correlate with the length of incubation period. However, we found that the length of incubation and fledging periods have opposite effects on immune defence (i.e. immune parameters show a negative association with the length of fledging period). Our results suggest that the contrasting effects of the incubation and fledging periods are related to the timing of the development of immune cells and of NAbs and complement, which largely mature during the embryonic phase of development. In support of this hypothesis, we found that species with a long relative incubation period [i.e. whose total pre-fledging developmental time (incubation plus fledging) consists largely of the incubation period] invested more in constitutive innate immunity. Finally, in support of the pace of life hypothesis, for a subsample of 63 species, we found that the basal metabolic rate significantly or tended to negatively correlate with immune measures.
43 citations
••
TL;DR: Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of in vitro hydrolysis of phytate on the nutritional value of canola meal for broiler chickens and both purified and crude phytases improved AME n but only purified phytase improved amino acid availability.
43 citations