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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The discovery of a previously undescribed chimeric transgene with abbreviated incubation times for sCJD prions should facilitate studies on the prion species barrier and human prion diversity.
Abstract: Transgenic (Tg) mouse lines that express chimeric mouse–human prion protein (PrP), designated MHu2M, are susceptible to prions from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD). With the aim of decreasing the incubation time to fewer than 200 days, we constructed transgenes in which one or more of the nine human residues in MHu2M were changed to mouse. The construct with murine residues at positions 165 and 167 was expressed in Tg(MHu2M,M165V,E167Q) mice and resulted in shortening the incubation time to ≈110 days for prions from sCJD patients. The construct with a murine residue at position 96 resulted in lengthening the incubation time to more than 280 days for sCJD prions. When murine residues 96, 165, and 167 were expressed, the abbreviated incubation times for sCJD prions were abolished. Variant CJD prions showed prolonged incubation times between 300 and 700 days in Tg(MHu2M) mice on first passage and incubation times of ≈350 days in Tg(MHu2M,M165V,E167Q) mice. On second and third passages of variant CJD prions in Tg(MHu2M) mice, multiple strains of prions were detected based on incubation times and the sizes of the protease-resistant, deglycosylated PrPSc fragments. Our discovery of a previously undescribed chimeric transgene with abbreviated incubation times for sCJD prions should facilitate studies on the prion species barrier and human prion diversity.

127 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that both water and low dissolved oxygen concentration are necessary for hatching to occur and are likely to exist in the field when stranded eggs are immersed in water.
Abstract: Salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, hydration, and temperature were examined as possible environmental cues that might intiate hatching in Fundulus heterolitus. Incubation in or transfer to water adjusted to ranges of salinity, pH, and temperature within the physiological range of the species had no direct effect on hatching. Eggs incubated in water with dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than 6 ml O2/L or solutions of Carbowax PEG 4000 producing an osomotic flux of water out of the eggs delayed hatching indefinitely. Incubation of eggs in air delayed hatching, regardless of the pO2. Eggs delayed for periods of up to 1 mo by incubation in air or in highly oxygenated water hatched normally when placed in water of 4 ml O2/L or less. Additionally, eggs that were partially dehydrated by incubation in air did not hatch when placed in a pressurized container of mineral oil. These results indicate that both water and low dissolved oxygen concentration are necessary for hatching to occur. Both of these conditions are likely to exist in the field when stranded eggs are immersed in water.

127 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The modification by VE of reoxygenation‐induced lipid peroxidation suggests free radical mediation in rats and propagates peroxidative reactions within esterified polyunsaturated FAs.
Abstract: Using an in vitro system, we studied the effect of postischemic reoxygenation on cerebral lipid peroxidation in relation to the dietary intake of vitamin E (VE) in rats. Homogenates prepared from VE-deficient, -normal, and -supplemented brains, which were previously rendered ischemic for 30 min by decapitation, were incubated under air or nitrogen gas for 60 min. The extent of peroxidation in brain tissue was estimated by a thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test and by diene conjugation in total lipid extracts. The brain levels of alpha-tocopherol and of total and free fatty acids (FAs) were also determined. Aerobic incubation increased TBA reactants in all dietary groups; the effect was largest in the VE-deficient group, intermediate in the VE-normal group, and smallest in the VE-supplemented group. In contrast, nitrogen incubation did not alter the basal levels of TBA reactants except for a small rise associated with VE deficiency. Conjugated dienes changed in parallel with TBA reactants. alpha-Tocopherol decreased after aerobic incubation and also, to a lesser degree, after nitrogen incubation in each dietary group. Only in the reoxygenated samples of the VE-deficient group was there a significant fall in total polyunsaturated FAs. The levels of free FAs continuously increased throughout ischemia and subsequent incubation. However, the level of free polyunsaturated FAs was similar after aerobic and nitrogen incubation in each dietary group, and was not affected by VE. Thus, cerebral reoxygenation after ischemia propagates peroxidative reactions within esterified polyunsaturated FAs. The modification by VE of reoxygenation-induced lipid peroxidation suggests free radical mediation.

126 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1991-Neuron
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the effect of the ILnJ Prn-p b allele and a distinct incubation time locus designated as PRn-i on scrapie incubation times.

125 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136