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Incubation

About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that, with the exception of certain genes induced by tissue injury, relative quantification of mRNA, even on degraded RNA samples, can provide a reliable estimate of in vivo mRNA levels.

82 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although all three methods of slice preparation resulted in similar metabolite profiles on incubation, the initial decreases in high energy phosphates were delayed by chilling and most striking, the slices prepared in the absence of glucose and oxygen exhibited much smaller orthodromic evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus.
Abstract: Hippocampal slices were prepared under three conditions: (1) in medium containing glucose and oxygen at 4 degrees C; (2) as in (1), but at 37 degrees C; (3) in medium devoid of glucose and oxygen at 37 degrees C. The rates of recovery to roughly steady-state levels and through 8 h of incubation were monitored for energy metabolite levels and related parameters. In vitro stable values are compared with in situ hippocampal levels. Regardless of the conditions under which slices were prepared, metabolite levels required up to 3 h to stabilize, and these levels were maintained or improved through 8 h of incubation. Further, the maximal concentrations of metabolites were independent of the conditions of slice preparation. Total adenylates and total creatine levels reached 55% of those in vivo. Lactate decreased from the decapitation-induced high levels, but stabilized at concentrations about twice those in rapidly frozen brain. Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP exhibited peak levels at 30 min of incubation, and cyclic GMP remained elevated for 3 h. Although all three methods of slice preparation resulted in similar metabolite profiles on incubation, the initial decreases in high energy phosphates were delayed by chilling. Most striking, the slices prepared in the absence of glucose and oxygen exhibited much smaller orthodromic evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus. The presence of glucose and oxygen during preparation of the slices appears to be critical to the electrophysiological response of the tissue.

82 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data do not support the generalization that water availability during embryogenesis is more important than temperature in determining the phenotypes of hatchling reptiles, and suggest that hatchling lizards react less plastically to variation in moisture levels than they do to thermal conditions.
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that incubation temperatures can profoundly affect the phenotypes of hatchling lizards, but the effects of hydric incubation environments remain controversial. We examined incubation-induced phenotypic variation in Bassiana duperreyi (Gray, 1938; Sauria: Scincidae), an oviparous montane lizard from south-eastern Australia. We incubated eggs from this species in four laboratory treatments, mimicking cool and moist, cool and dry, warm and moist, and warm and dry natural nest-sites, and assessed several morphological and behavioural traits of lizards after hatching. Incubation temperature influenced a lizard's hatching success, incubation period, tail length and antipredator behaviour, whereas variation in hydric conditions did not engender significant phenotypic variation for most traits. However, moisture affected incubation period slightly differently in males and females, and for a given snout-vent length moisture interacted weakly with temperature to affect lizard body mass. Although incubation conditions can substantially affect phenotypic variation among hatchling lizards, the absence of strong hydric effects suggests that hatchling lizards react less plastically to variation in moisture levels than they do to thermal conditions. Thus, our data do not support the generalization that water availability during embryogenesis is more important than temperature in determining the phenotypes of hatchling reptiles.

82 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Now that a handbook of North American birds is in preparation, it is time to make a thorough investigation of this fundamental subject and to trace the sources from which incubation periods in North America are quoted.
Abstract: Considerable confusion exists in North America on the subject of incubation periods in birds. There is little agreement on definition of the period and many writers seem to have no appreciation of the biological processes involved in incubation. All too many people are content to copy a figure for the incubation period out of a book or article that gives no indication of how this figure was determined, even in cases where it is strikingly inconsistent with the periods established for close relatives of the species in question. Too short periods are usually attributed to hawks and owls, as well as to some shorebirds, rails, terns, hummingbirds, and cowbirds, and too long periods are often attributed to woodpeckers, cuckoos, and some passerines. Now that a handbook of North American birds is in preparation, it is time to make a thorough investigation of this fundamental subject and to trace the sources from which incubation periods in North America are quoted. Where these can be shown to have been based on guess, clearly they shou.ld be discarded. My searching on this subject has been carried out chiefly in the Chicago Natural History Museum and the John Crerar Library. I am much indebted to Louise de Kiriline Lawrence for suggestions on the manuscript.

82 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an updated version of the simulation model NCSOIL was calibrated with data from a long-term laboratory incubation (728 days at 28°C) of three cultivated soils amended with K 15NO3 and either [14C]glucose or [ 14C]cellulose.
Abstract: An updated version of the simulation model NCSOIL was calibrated with data from a long-term laboratory incubation (728 days at 28°C) of three cultivated soils amended with K 15NO3 and either [14C]glucose or [14C]cellulose. The kinetics of tracer and non-tracer C and N (CO2-C, inorganic-N and microbial biomass-C) were measured in the three soils on various sampling dates. The new NCSOIL version considers four organic pools: residues, microbial biomass (pool I) with two components (labile and resistant), humads (pool II) which correspond to the active fraction of soil organic matter (SOM), and pool III which is the highly resistant fraction of SOM. To fit the long-term incubation experimental data, it was necessary to reduce all decomposition rates by 60–70% after 35–85 days of incubation, depending on the soil and the treatment. The labile fraction of pool I in non-amended soils was also reduced to 0.20 from the previously-used value of 0.56; the later value, however, was adequate for the glucose and cellulose-enriched soils. Simulations agreed well with experimental data and gave values of pool II which represented about 30% of the SOM, and which had a C:N ratio of 12–13. Results suggested that >60% of the SOM was very resistant.

82 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20241
2023688
20221,316
2021104
2020123
2019136