Topic
Incubation
About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.
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TL;DR: The hypothesis that oviposition is timed to coincide with a rapid increase in demand for oxygen in embryos of E. fasciatus is rejected, and the avian model that divides the energetic cost of growth or development into cost of biosynthesis and a cost of maintenance is fit.
72 citations
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TL;DR: The study showed that high temperature incubation not only rapidly activated μ-calpain but at higher temperatures and later time points also m-Calpain.
72 citations
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that even in a strictly monogamous songbird with biparental incubation, all forms of paternal care remain sensitive to elevated plasma testosterone, suggesting a shift from parental effort to mating effort.
72 citations
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that incubation of nicotine craving occurs after adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration and that neuronal ensembles in the central nucleus of the amygdala play a critical role in this incubation in adult rats.
Abstract: The craving response to smoking-associated cues in humans or to intravenous nicotine-associated cues in adult rats progressively increases or incubates after withdrawal. Here, we further characterized incubation of nicotine craving in the rat model by determining whether this incubation is observed after adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration. We also used the neuronal activity marker Fos and the Daun02 chemogenetic inactivation procedure to identify cue-activated neuronal ensembles that mediate incubation of nicotine craving. We trained adolescent and adult male rats to self-administer nicotine (2 h/d for 12 d) and assessed cue-induced nicotine seeking in extinction tests (1 h) after 1, 7, 14, or 28 withdrawal days. In both adult and adolescent rats, nicotine seeking in the relapse tests followed an inverted U-shaped curve, with maximal responding on withdrawal day 14. Independent of the withdrawal day, nicotine seeking in the relapse tests was higher in adult than in adolescent rats. Analysis of Fos expression in different brain areas of adolescent and adult rats on withdrawal days 1 and 14 showed time-dependent increases in the number of Fos-positive neurons in central and basolateral amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens core and shell. In adult Fos–lacZ transgenic rats, selective inactivation of nicotine-cue-activated Fos neurons in central amygdala, but not orbitofrontal cortex, decreased “incubated” nicotine seeking on withdrawal day 14. Our results demonstrate that incubation of nicotine craving occurs after adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration and that neuronal ensembles in central amygdala play a critical role in this incubation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The craving response to smoking-associated cues in humans or to intravenous nicotine-associated cues in adult rats progressively increases or incubates after withdrawal. It is currently unknown whether incubation of craving also occurs after adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration. The brain areas that mediate such incubation are also unknown. Here, we used a rat model of incubation of drug craving, the neuronal activity marker Fos, and the Daun02 chemogenetic inactivation method to demonstrate that incubation of nicotine craving is also observed after adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration and that neuronal ensembles in the central nucleus of the amygdala play a critical role in this incubation in adult rats.
72 citations
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TL;DR: The results indicated that during the first 2 days of incubation, soil microorganisms were killed by the antibiotics and/or by CHCl3 and used subsequently as a substrate by the survivors as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Streptomycin and cycloheximide were added (3 and 2 mg g-1 dry soil, respectively) single and in combination to a forest soil to follow their possible degradation and their effects on soil mineralization-immobilization processes. After 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 days of incubation at 25°C and 60% water-holding capacity, measurements were taken of microbial biomass C and N, the evolution of CO2, exchangeable NH
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, 0.5M K2SO4-extractable organic C, and total N in both unfumigated and CHCl3-fumigated soil. The results indicated that during the first 2 days of incubation, soil microorganisms were killed by the antibiotics and/or by CHCl3 and used subsequently as a substrate by the survivors. Thereafter, surviving microorganisms probably also started to use biocidal molecules as an energy and nutrient source. The ratios of biomass C to biomass N and of CO2 evolved to net NH
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produced indicated that both biocides had non-target effects for most of the incubation. Thus, streptomycin and cycloheximide are not suitable in determining the relative contribution from fungi and bacteria to mineralization-immobilization processes in soils.
72 citations