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Incubation
About: Incubation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5748 publications have been published within this topic receiving 126541 citations.
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TL;DR: This chapter describes a method for determination of biotin and biotin metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where progressively fewer molecules of HRP-avidin bind to the well in the second incubation, and color development in the third incubation is progressively less.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for determination of biotin and biotin metabolites. Biotin and biotin metabolites in a sample to be assayed must first be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In first incubation, avidin linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP-avidin) is incubated with the HPLC fractions containing biotin or a biotin metabolite. The biotin or biotin metabolite binds to HRP-avidin occupying a portion of the total biotin-binding sites. During second incubation, the HRP-avidin molecules that have unoccupied biotin-binding sites bind to the biotinyl–bovine serum albumin (BSA). After second incubation, the free HRP-avidin molecules are washed away. In third incubation, the amount of HRP-avidin bound to the plate is quantitated by measuring the rate of peroxidation of the indicator dye o-phenylenediamine (OPD). The peroxidation is stopped with the addition of acid, which also intensifies the absorbance of the peroxidized OPD. Optical density (OD) at 490 nm is then quantitated in a multiwell format spectrophotometer. As increasing amounts of biotin in the standards or unknowns occupy an increasing proportion of the biotin-binding sites on HRP-avidin in the first incubation, progressively fewer molecules of HRP-avidin bind to the well in the second incubation, and color development in the third incubation is progressively less.
65 citations
TL;DR: Prolactin is elevated in Adélie penguins as part of the program of cyclical hormonal changes that accompany the lengthy reproductive season and is relatively independent of tactile input, probably required for the maintenance of parental behavior in offshore feeding species that must be absent from the nest for many days at a time.
65 citations
TL;DR: Nematodes' tendency to migrate toward warmer temperatures, when placed below incubation temperature, decreased during 6–7 days incubation at 20 or 25 C and the nematodes reversed direction: incubating at 2–5 C inhibited this reversal.
65 citations
TL;DR: Temperature manipulations of the clutch, either above or below normal, caused decreases in plasma prolactin concentrations in parallel with temperature modification in ducks which successfully hatched young as well as in unsuccessful incubators.
64 citations
TL;DR: This study reported the highest protein and carbohydrate yields of the four technologies using high shear homogenization and an energy reduction up to 86% was achieved by applying a novel two-phase (macrostructure size reduction and cell disintegration) technique.
Abstract: The effect of osmotic shock, enzymatic incubation, pulsed electric field, and high shear homogenization on the release of water-soluble proteins and carbohydrates from the green alga Ulva lactuca was investigated in this screening study. For osmotic shock, both temperature and incubation time had a significant influence on the release with an optimum at 30 °C for 24 h of incubation. For enzymatic incubation, pectinase demonstrated being the most promising enzyme for both protein and carbohydrate release. Pulsed electric field treatment was most optimal at an electric field strength of 7.5 kV cm−1 with 0.05 ms pulses and a specific energy input relative to the released protein as low as 6.6 kWh kgprot
−1. Regarding literature, this study reported the highest protein (~ 39%) and carbohydrate (~ 51%) yields of the four technologies using high shear homogenization. Additionally, an energy reduction up to 86% was achieved by applying a novel two-phase (macrostructure size reduction and cell disintegration) technique.
64 citations