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Indium tin oxide

About: Indium tin oxide is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17857 publications have been published within this topic receiving 402127 citations. The topic is also known as: indium tin oxide.


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TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface acido basicity on organic electroluminescent device characteristics is studied, as measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, acid and base treatments produce large work function shifts of the oxide compared to standard ITO treated by an oxygen plasma or water.
Abstract: The influence of the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface acido basicity on organic electroluminescent device characteristics is studied. As measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, acid and base treatments produce large work function shifts of the oxide compared to standard ITO treated by an oxygen plasma or water. The current onsets for triphenyldiamine (TPD) single layer diodes sandwiched between ITO and a silver electrode are in qualitative agreement with the work function of the hole injecting oxide electrode. However, saturated photovoltage measurements on single layer diodes built on acid and water treated ITO disagree with the work function obtained from photoelectron experiments. This is explained by protonation of the diamine layer close to the electrode surface producing a charged double layer. It suggests that even acidic surface hydroxyl groups of the oxide electrode are able to protonate the diamine layer, explaining the importance of plasma cleaning to remove surface hydroxyls. The same ...

131 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on plasma damage-free sputtering of an indium tin oxide (ITO) cathode layer, which was grown by a mirror shape target sputtering (MSTS) technique, for use in top emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs).
Abstract: We report on plasma damage-free sputtering of an indium tin oxide (ITO) cathode layer, which was grown by a mirror shape target sputtering (MSTS) technique, for use in top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs). It is shown that OLEDs with ITO cathodes deposited by MSTS show much lower leakage current (9.2×10−5mA∕cm2) at reverse bias of −6V as compared to that (1×10−1–10−2mA∕cm2 at −6V) of OLEDs with ITO cathodes grown by conventional dc magnetron sputtering. Based on high-resolution electron microcopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy results, we describe a possible mechanism by which plasma damage-free ITO films are grown and their application for TOLEDs.

131 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of annealing in air on the electrical and optical properties of ITO∕PEN samples can be explained by the change in the free electron concentration, which is evaluated in terms of the oxygen content.
Abstract: Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin films on polyethylene napthalate (PEN) with high carrier concentration (∼1021∕cm3) have been grown by electron-beam deposition without the introduction of oxygen into the chamber. The electrical properties of the ITO films (such as, carrier concentration, electrical mobility, and resistivity) abruptly changed after annealing in the air atmospheres. In addition, optical transmittance and optical band gap values significantly changed after heat treatment. The optical band gap narrowing behavior is observed in the as-deposited sample because of impurity band and heavy carrier concentration. The influence of annealing in air on the electrical and optical properties of ITO∕PEN samples can be explained by the change in the free electron concentration, which is evaluated in terms of the oxygen content. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses are used to determine the oxygen content in the film. Hall effect measurements are used to determine...

131 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Simplicity, high processing speed, and low cost are the main advantages of this fabrication of metallic photonic crystals, in the form of a periodic array of gold nanowires on a waveguide, by spin-coating a colloidal gold suspension onto a photoresist mask and subsequent annealing.
Abstract: We demonstrate the fabrication of metallic photonic crystals, in the form of a periodic array of gold nanowires on a waveguide, by spin-coating a colloidal gold suspension onto a photoresist mask and subsequent annealing. The photoresist mask with a period below 500 nm is manufactured by interference lithography on an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate, where the ITO layer has a thickness around 210 nm and acts as the waveguide. The width of the nanowires can be controlled from 100 to 300 nm by changing the duty cycle of the mask. During evaporation of solvent, the gold nanoparticles are drawn to the grooves of the grating with apparently complete dewetting off the photoresist for channels less than 2 μm in width, which therefore form nanowires after the annealing process. Strong coupling between the waveguide mode and the plasmon resonance of the nanowires, which is dependent on the polarization and incidence angle of the light wave, is demonstrated by optical extinction measurements. Continuity of t...

131 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, despite higher performance, the transfer step for graphene has lower reproducibility and the development of better graphene transfer methods would help maximize the current capacity of graphene-based cells.
Abstract: Transparent carbon electrodes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene were used as the bottom electrode in flexible inverted perovskite solar cells. Their photovoltaic performance and mechanical resilience were compared and analyzed using various techniques. Whereas a conventional inverted perovskite solar cells using indium tin oxide showed a power conversion efficiency of 17.8%, the carbon nanotube- and graphene-based cells showed efficiencies of 12.8% and 14.2%, respectively. An established MoO3 doping was used for carbon electrode-based devices. The difference in the photovoltaic performance between the carbon nanotube- and graphene-based cells was due to the difference in morphology and transmittance. Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic flexural testing revealed that the graphene-based cells were more susceptible to strain than the carbon nanotube-based cells, though the difference was marginal. Overall, despite higher performance, the transfer step for graphene has lower reproducibility. Thus, the development o...

130 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
2023343
2022730
2021537
2020684
2019804
2018838