Showing papers on "Inductive sensor published in 2021"

A Low-Profile Vacuum Actuator (LPVAc) With Integrated Inductive Displacement Sensing for a Novel Sit-to-Stand Assist Exosuit

Abstract: Muscle weakness owing to stroke, spinal cord injuries, or aging can make a person’s life sedentary, temporarily as well as permanently. Such persons need to be motivated to break their sedentary postures and attempt independent motion. A key motivator in this aspect is the ability to easily transition from seated to standing posture. If this sit-to-stand transition (STSt) is easy, it will encourage further mobility. A soft wearable device that can assist the STSt, would fill this need perfectly. Such a device should be able to seamlessly assist during STSt and be unobtrusive during sitting. A major limitation that is currently holding back the development of soft exosuits in STSt-assist is the lack of low-profile soft actuators with high strain rate and force-to-weight ratio. Hence, we propose a novel low-profile vacuum actuator (LPVAc) with an integrated inductive displacement sensor that, can be rapidly fabricated, is lightweight (14g), and can provide high strain (65%) and a high force-to-weight ratio (285 times self-weight). The proposed actuator comprises a low-profile spring encased within a low-density polyethylene film with rapid vacuum actuation and passive quick return. The proposed inductive sensor has a sensitivity of $0.0022~\mu H/mm$ and the hysteresis is below 1.5% with an overall absolute average error percentage of 5.24%. The performance of the proposed integrated sensor in displacement control of the LPVAc is experimentally evaluated. The proposed actuator is integrated into a novel mono-articular STSt-assist exosuit for preliminary testing. Surface electromyography measurements of the gluteus maximus muscles during STSt indicate a mean muscle activity reduction of 45%. This supports the potential use of the proposed actuator in STSt-assist.

An aeromagnetic survey carried out using a rotary-wing UAV equipped with a low-cost magneto-inductive sensor

Abstract: Recently, the aeromagnetic survey with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for mineral exploration has become ubiquitous. They can fly at a lower speed, lower altitude, need fewer crew members, and are c...

Three-Axis Inductive Displacement Sensor Using Phase-Sensitive Digital Signal Processing for Industrial Magnetic Bearing Applications

Abstract: Non-contact rotor position sensors are an essential part of control systems in magnetically suspended high-speed drives. In typical active magnetic bearing (AMB) levitated high-speed machine applications, the displacement of the rotor in the mechanical air gap is measured with commercially available eddy current-based displacement sensors. The aim of this paper is to propose a robust and compact three-dimensional position sensor that can measure the rotor displacement of an AMB system in both the radial and axial directions. The paper presents a sensor design utilizing only a single unified sensor stator and a single shared rotor mounted target piece surface to achieve the measurement of all three measurement axes. The sensor uses an inductive measuring principle to sense the air gap between the sensor stator and rotor piece, which makes it robust to surface variations of the sensing target. Combined with the sensor design, a state of the art fully digital signal processing chain utilizing synchronous in-phase and quadrature demodulation is presented. The feasibility of the proposed sensor design is verified in a closed-loop control application utilizing a 350-kW, 15,000-r/min high-speed industrial induction machine with magnetic bearing suspension. The inductive sensor provides an alternative solution to commercial eddy current displacement sensors. It meets the application requirements and has a robust construction utilizing conventional electrical steel lamination stacks and copper winding.

Inductive Textile Sensor Design and Validation for a Wearable Monitoring Device

Abstract: Textile sensors have gained attention for wearable devices, in which the most popular are the resistive textile sensor. However, these sensors present high hysteresis and a drift when stretched for long periods of time. Inductive textile sensors have been commonly used as antennas and plethysmographs, and their applications have been extended to measure heartbeat, wireless data transmission, and motion and gesture capturing systems. Inductive textile sensors have shown high reliability, stable readings, low production cost, and an easy manufacturing process. This paper presents the design and validation of an inductive strain textile sensor. The anthropometric dimensions of a healthy participant were used to define the maximum dimensions of the inductive textile sensor. The design of the inductive sensor was studied through theoretical calculations and simulations. Parameters such as height, width, area, perimeter, and number of complete loops were considered to calculate and evaluate the inductance value.

Analysis of Inductive Displacement Sensors with Large Range and Nanoscale Resolution

Abstract: With the advantages of high resolution, structural simplicity, reliability, compact size, and high sensitivity, inductive sensors have been widely used in nanopositioning systems. However, the measuring range of traditional inductive sensors are usually limited to 0.2 mm. A novel analysis and design methodology of the miniaturized inductive sensor with large measuring range and nanoscale resolution is proposed. Firstly, an accurate leakage inductance model is established. Secondly, a design rule of armature size is proposed by considering the fringing effect. Then, the error terms introduced by the measurement circuit of differential inductive sensors are analyzed and the corresponding error suppression methods are illustrated. Moreover, A design rule of selecting the optimal excitation frequency is proposed to meet the requirements of high Q value and high bandwidth, and to minimize the impact of core loss resistance on the performance of the sensor. Validated by the experiments, the proposed analysis and design method can effectively guide the design of the miniaturized inductive sensor with nanoscale resolution in the measuring range of ±0.5 mm. The overall size of the fabricated sensor prototypes is less than 6 mm × 6 mm × 3 mm. Combined with large range, high resolution and ideal miniaturization, this inductive sensor can be well suitable for compact and large stroke nanopositioning systems.

High Temperature Magnetic Sensors for the Hot Section of Aeroengines

Abstract: Magnetic sensors are widely used in aeroengines and their health management systems, but they are rarely installed in the engine hot section due to the loss of magnetic properties by permanent magnets with increasing temperature. The paper presents and verifies models and design solutions aimed at improving the performance of an inductive sensor for measuring the motion of blades operated at elevated temperatures (200–1000 °C) in high pressure compressors and turbines. The interaction of blades with the sensor was studied. A prototype of the sensor was made, and its tests were carried out on the RK-4 rotor rig for the speed of 7000 rpm, in which the temperature of the sensor head was gradually increased to 1100 °C. The sensor signal level was compared to that of an identical sensor operating at room temperature. The heated sensor works continuously producing the output signal whose level does not change significantly. Moreover, a set of six probes passed an initial engine test in an SO-3 turbojet. It was confirmed that the proposed design of the inductive sensor is suitable for blade health monitoring (BHM) of the last stages of compressors and gas turbines operating below 1000 °C, even without a dedicated cooling system. In real-engine applications, sensor performance will depend on how the sensor is installed and the available heat dissipation capability. The presented technology extends the operating temperature of permanent magnets and is not specific for blade vibration but can be adapted to other magnetic measurements in the hot section of the aircraft engine.

Design and Research of Inductive Oil Pollutant Detection Sensor Based on High Gradient Magnetic Field Structure.

Abstract: An inductive oil pollutant detection sensor based on a high-gradient magnetic field structure is designed in this paper, which is mainly used for online detection and fault analysis of pollutants in hydraulic and lubricating oil systems. The innovation of the sensor is based on the inductance detection method. Permalloy is embedded in the sensing region of the sensor, so that the detection area generates a high gradient magnetic field to enhance the detection accuracy of the sensor. Compared with traditional inductive sensors, the sensor has a significant improvement in detection accuracy, and the addition of permalloy greatly improves the stability of the sensor’s detection unit structure. The article theoretically analyzes the working principle of the sensor, optimizes the design parameters and structure of the sensor through simulation, determines the best permalloy parameters, and establishes an experimental system for verification. Experimental results show that when a piece of permalloy is added to the sensing unit, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of iron particles is increased by more than 20%, and the signal-to-noise ratio of copper particles is increased by more than 70%. When two pieces of permalloy are added, the signal-to-noise ratio for iron particles is increased by more than 70%, and the SNR for copper particles is increased several times. This method raises the lower limit of detection for ferromagnetic metal particles to 20 μm, and the lower limit for detection of non-ferromagnetic metal particles to 80 μm, which is the higher detection accuracy of the planar coil sensors. This paper provides a new and faster online method for pollutant detection in oil, which is of great significance for diagnosing and monitoring the health of oil in mechanical systems.

Design and fabrication of an online inductive sensor for identification of ferrous wear particles in engine oil

Abstract: The presence of ferrous wear debris in lubricating oil may cause progressive damage in the internal combustion engines. Online monitoring of the size and concentration of these particles in the oil is a way to optimize the engine performance and its life cycle.,In this study, an online sensor was designed and fabricated to identify ferrous wear particles in the engine oil based on the induction method. The diameter of the sensor outlet duct was designed as small as possible to generate a high-intensity magnetic induction and achieve a proper sensitivity in the sensor. The experiments were designed and performed in offline mode. Furthermore, to evaluate the actual performance of the sensor in presence of iron particles in the oil, online tests were performed at different sizes and concentrations.,It was concluded from offline tests that the highest sensitivity of the sensor occurs at the frequency and voltage of 2.5 kHz and 120 V, respectively. According to the results of the online tests, the larger the particle size, the higher the peaks at the sensor output. Also, a high density of the peaks was observed in the sensor output graphs as the concentration of particles was increased.,The proposed sensor was able to identify ferrous wear particles larger than 125 µm separately, which is the failure limit in the internal combustion engines.

Research on Coil Impedance of Self-Inductive Displacement Sensor Considering Core Eddy Current

Abstract: The inductive displacement sensor is widely used in active magnetic bearing (AMB) systems to detect rotor displacement in real time, and the performance of the sensor directly affects the performance of AMB. At present, most theoretical studies on the working principle of inductive displacement sensor are based on a traditional mathematical model, ignoring the influence of the core magnetic resistance and core eddy current, which will lead to a certain error between the theoretical analysis of the sensor output characteristics and the actual situation. In this regard, based on the theory of electromagnetic field and circuit, an improved theoretical model of the inductive sensor was established in this paper by introducing the complex permeability, by which the influence of core eddy current on magnetic field can be taken into account. In order to verify the improved model, an eight-pole radial self-inductive displacement sensor with an air gap of 1 mm was designed. Then the electromagnetic field of the designed sensor was simulated by a finite element software and the GW LCR-6100 measuring instrument was used to measure the changes of the inductance and resistance of the designed sensor core coils with the rotor displacement at 20-100 kHz. The results demonstrated that there is a good linear relationship between the impedance change of the sensor coils and the rotor displacement within the measurement range of -0.4 ~ +0.4 mm. At the same time, compared with the traditional model, the sensitivity of the improved theoretical model is closer to the results from FEM and experiment, and the accuracy of the sensitivity of the improved theoretical model can be approximately doubled, despite there are certain differences with the experimental situation. Therefore, the improved theoretical model considering complex permeability is of great significance for studying the influence of core eddy current on the coil impedance of sensor.

A multi-magneto-inductive sensor array system for real-time magnetic field imaging of ferromagnetic targets.

Abstract: In this Note, we develop a real-time magnetic field imaging system by employing a multi-magneto-inductive (MI) sensor array. The sensor array consists of 3 × 3 tri-axial MI sensors, which we constructed by using three sensor coils. Outputs from several rows of sensors are routed to a master-controller responsible for data pre-processing and data reconstruction. The data are streamed to a host computer via a universal serial bus interface, and the image can be generated and displayed at a rate of several frames per second. The magnetic field imaging is implemented on a knowledge of the MI sensors' response, magnetic field perturbations, and the nature of the ferromagnetic object respecting permeability and conductivity. The performance of the system has been further evaluated by extensive numerical modeling of magnetic field distribution patterns with partial differential equation solution. The proposed magnetic field imaging system can be employed in many potential applications, for instance, medicine, security screening, quality assurance, and other areas of nondestructive evaluation, designs associated with magnetic fields, teaching, and research.

Planar Body-Mounted Sensors for Electromagnetic Tracking.

Abstract: Electromagnetic tracking is a safe, reliable, and cost-effective method to track medical instruments in image-guided surgical navigation. However, patient motion and magnetic field distortions heavily impact the accuracy of tracked position and orientation. The use of redundant magnetic sensors can help to map and mitigate for patient movements and magnetic field distortions within the tracking region. We propose a planar inductive sensor design, printed on PCB and embedded into medical patches. The main advantage is the high repeatability and the cost benefit of using mass PCB manufacturing processes. The article presents new operative formulas for electromagnetic tracking of planar coils on the centimetre scale. The full magnetic analytical model is based on the mutual inductance between coils which can be approximated as being composed by straight conductive filaments. The full model is used to perform accurate system simulations and to assess the accuracy of faster simplified magnetic models, which are necessary to achieve real-time tracking in medical applications.

A differential transformer-based force sensor utilizing a magnetic fluid core

Abstract: A force sensor utilizing a transformer concept with a ferrofluid core was developed. A ferrofluid reservoir was machined out of Teflon and the open top of the reservoir was sealed with a thin silicone membrane. Forces applied to the silicone membrane caused the membrane to deflect, resulting in the displacement of the ferrofluid in the reservoir through an external tube. The ferrofluid in the tube acted as the core of voltage transformer. The ferrofluid core was excited by an alternating current across a wire coil wound around the tube. A secondary coil was wound around the top portion of the tube which was vertically oriented. As the ferrofluid level in the tube rose in response to applied forces, the secondary coil became engaged by the magnetized ferrofluid, resulting in a voltage induced in the secondary coil that varied with the level of the ferrofluid. The sensor was characterized by the relationship between the forces applied to the membrane and the output voltage readings across the secondary coil in loading and unloading cycles. This relationship was found to be nonlinear and following a negative second-degree polynomial relationship. The sensor was tested at three primary frequencies of 60, 100 and 120 kHz. It was found that 13% of the 5 V A/C exciting voltage applied across the primary coil at 60 kHz was induced into the secondary coil when it was fully engaged by the magnetized ferrofluid. It was determined that the sensor generates the highest sensitivity of 68.3 mV/N over the effective range of 0.1–2.5 N at 60 kHz. The sensor was analyzed for error and the characteristic error was found to be comparable to existing inductive sensors. Sources of most significant of error were identified and proposals for improvements to future designs of this sensor type are provided.

Soft Inductive Coil Spring Strain Sensor Integrated with SMA Spring Bundle Actuator.

Abstract: This study proposes a soft inductive coil spring (SICS) strain sensor that can measure the strain of soft actuators. The SICS sensor, produced by transforming a shape memory alloy (SMA) wire with the same materials as that of an SMA spring bundle actuator (SSBA) into a coil spring shape, measures inductance changes according to length changes. This study also proposes a manufacturing method, output characteristics of the SICS sensor applicable to the SSBA among soft actuators, and the structure of the SICS sensor-integrated SSBA (SI-SSBA). In the SI-SSBA, the SMA spring bundle and SICS sensor have structures corresponding to the muscle fiber and spindle of the skeletal muscle, respectively. It is demonstrated that when a robotic arm with one degree of freedom is operated by attaching two SI-SSBAs in an antagonistic structure, the displacement of the SSBA can be measured using the proposed strain sensor. The output characteristics of the SICS sensor for the driving speed of the robotic arm were evaluated, and it was experimentally proven that the strain of the SSBA can be stably measured in water under a temperature change of 54 °C from 36 to 90 °C.

A Novel Single-Element Inductance-to-Digital Converter with Automatic Offset Eliminator

Abstract: A novel Inductance-to-Digital Converter (LDC) that outputs a digital value corresponding to the change in inductance ( $\Delta L$ ) of a single element inductive sensor is presented. In most cases, the offset inductance $L_{0}$ offered by the sensor will be large as compared to $\Delta L$ (due to the measurand). Thus, the existing architectures that measure the sensor inductance $L_{X}(= L_{0}\pm\Delta L)$ lead to underutilization of the output range and hence such systems cannot focus on sensing the measurand alone. The proposed LDC automatically eliminates the offset inductance in the final output and utilizes the entire digital scale only for representing $\Delta L$ . Also, the digital output of the proposed LDC is made independent of the coil resistance $R_{C}$ of the inductive sensor. The proposed LDC employs DC source for digitization, thereby eliminates the need for AC excitation sources that demands repeatable sinusoidal amplitude for high accuracy measurements. The direct digital conversion is performed by modifying the dual-slope conversion technique. A prototype of the LDC was developed and verified the automatic offset elimination operation of the proposed converter. The prototype exhibited a worst-case linearity error of 0.5% for $\Delta L$ ranging from −9 mH to +9 mH.

Active Detection of Small UXO-Like Targets Through Measuring Electromagnetic Responses With a Magneto-Inductive Sensor Array

Abstract: The mission of detecting and locating unexploded ordnance (UXO) such as the landmine, the improvised explosive devised, etc., is still a challenge to be overcome. In this paper, a new active approach for UXO detection through measuring electromagnetic (EM) response with a magnetic sensor is proposed. To further enhance the magnetic field strength of the UXO, a current-carrying coil is employed to produce a time-varying or steady magnetic field, and a magnetic field modeling of the solenoid structure is built to select optimal coil parameters. To realize three-dimensional imaging, a magnetic field measurement array of $3\times3$ tri-axial magneto-inductive (MI) sensors is constructed, and its major electrical characteristics are evaluated. Finally, a test platform is developed, and the experimental results indicate that the proposed method can detect a plastic anti-personnel UXO down up to a depth of 20.1 cm, improving 50% approximately when compared with a commercial metal detector.

Single-coil metal detector based on spiking chaotic oscillator

Abstract: A remarkable feature of chaotic systems is high sensitivity, which makes them applicable to the construction of sensing devices. Various sensors can be developed based on chaotic oscillators, e.g., metal detectors, salinometers, inductive sensors, and optical sensors. Our study investigates the properties of the metal detector based on Sprott Case N chaotic oscillator equipped with a single inductive coil. A key feature of this circuit is the ability to operate in two modes: chaotic and spiking chaotic oscillations. The last fact makes it possible to consider this circuit as an artificial sensitive neuron and apply processing methods suitable for neuron activity investigation, such as interspike interval histogram analysis. In a well-controllable experiment, we explicitly demonstrate that the developed metal detector has a continuous response depending on the distance to the target and the target material. We present several efficient modifications of data processing techniques to obtain measurement results from chaotic data series. Finally, we compare the developed chaotic sensor with the sensor based on the harmonic oscillator and show that the operating range of the chaotic sensor is at least 20% larger than that of the harmonic sensor.

Research and Modeling of a Universal Electronic Counting Converter for "Smart" Sensors of Systems and Automation Tools

Abstract: An algorithm is obtained and a simulation of an electronic counting universal Converter is performed in the MultiSim environment. An electronic circuit has been developed that implements the functions of "smart" resistive, capacitive and inductive sensors. A study was conducted and results were obtained that allow us to positively evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed devices. Issues of increasing the functionality of smart sensors by including universal second-order filters, such as links with multi-loop feedback and a structure with finite gain, are considered. The transfer functions of low -, high -, and intermediate-frequency filters are given.

A Method for Measurement of Nonferrous Particles Sizes in Lubricant Oil Independent of Materials Using Inductive Sensor

Abstract: Machine operating conditions can be obtained through lubrication oil detection; solid metal particles are the primary factor causing mechanical wear. The surface of the friction pair is usually specially treated with the nonferrous metal protective coating. Therefore, there are many kinds of nonferrous particles in the lubricating oil. In this paper, a method for measurement of nonferrous particles sizes independent of materials using the impedance signal of the inductive sensor is presented. Both the imaginary part and real part of the coil impedance signal are studied in this paper, which is different from traditional inductive sensor research only the imaginary part of impedance signal output is considered. Through theoretical analysis, it is found that the real and imaginary parts of coil impedance changes with different materials at the same size are corresponding to an elliptic function. Combining with the coil impedance measured in the experiment, the particle size can be obtained, which is independent of particle material.

Theory and Modeling of Eddy Current Type Inductive Conductivity Sensors

Abstract: While transformer-type conductivity sensors are the usual type of inductive sensors, this paper describes the theory behind less used eddy current sensors. This type of sensor measures the conductivity of a liquid by inducing eddy currents and observing the effect on the sensor coil, which allows a simpler sensor design and promises a cost advantage in implementation. A novel model description is derived from the Maxwell equations and implemented by an equivalent RLC circuit. The designed model is validated by comparisons with experimental observations and FEM simulations. The result leads to a better understanding of the physical effects of the sensor and the influencing parameters for future sensor developments. The aim is to provide starting points for further sensor development of low-cost inductive conductivity sensors.

Inductive position sensor, mechanically actuated controller with switch function, and welding control device with such sensor/controller

Abstract: An inductive sensor which includes one or more inductive coils (136, 138) and an inductance to digital converter (142). The output of the inductive sensor is used to replace the functions of a switch and a potentiometer to initiate and control various outputs in welding-type systems and applications.

SBW Actuator for SBW

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a shift by wire (SBW) driving actuator capable of improving control performance and durability through control of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor by an inductive sensor, and improving gear transmission efficiency by introducing a multistage teeth-shaped transmission unit configured to connect a sun gear and an output shaft of a reducer to transmit a rotational force to reduce a load resulting from eccentric rotation of the sun gear.

Method for controlling tightness of jars with food and device for its implementation

Abstract: FIELD: glass industry.SUBSTANCE: invention is used to control the tightness of metal and glass jars with food. The essence of the invention lies in the fact that dynamic deformation of the can lid is performed by a weight freely falling on the lid surface, followed by the determination of the amortization properties of the can lid by the parameters of the function of moving the freely falling weight in time. Registration of leakage and rejection of the can is carried out according to the amount of change in the amortization properties of the can lid. Adjustment of the initial position of the freely falling weight relative to the surface of the can lid, as well as measuring of the diameter, height of the can and the position of the can on the conveyor are performed. The device for monitoring the tightness of cans with products includes a conveyor equipped with a drive, a laser source, a photodetector, a sleeve with grooves, a can lid deformation element installed in the sleeve cavity, a deformation element holder in the initial upper position. The deformation element is equipped with a limiter for the lower inoperative position and a limiter for the initial upper position in the bushing cavity. The device contains an inductive sensor for linear displacement of the deformation element, a device for adjusting the initial position of the deformation element with a drive, a control unit connected to a conveyor drive, a laser source, a photodetector, an inductive sensor, a deformation element holder, and a device drive for adjusting the initial position of a deformation element.EFFECT: invention is aimed at increasing productivity of monitoring the tightness of cans with products, as well as increasing accuracy and continuity of control.2 cl, 10 dwg

Inductive position sensor with switch function

Abstract: An inductive sensor which includes one or more inductive coils and an inductance to digital converter. The output of the inductive sensor may be used to replace the functions of a switch and a potentiometer to initiate and control various outputs in welding-type systems and applications.

A modular magneto-inductive sensor for low vector magnetic field measurements

Abstract: The low magnetic field measurement has been utilized since ancient times in order to find economic resources, to detect magnetic anomalies, etc. In this case, the vector magnetic survey can simultaneously obtain the modulus and direction information of the magnetic field, which can contribute to obtaining more precise information and characteristics of magnetic field resources. This paper is concerned with the potential to exploit the signals of vector magnetic field measurement with a magneto-inductive (MI) sensor. To evaluate the capability of the MI sensor, a test platform is set up and its performance, including the noise floor, the resolution, and the sensitivity, is comprehensively characterized. Furthermore, a comparative geomagnetic observation and magnetic anomaly detection among the proposed MI sensor, a high-precision Overhauser sensor, and a commonly used and accepted commercial MI sensor are conducted. The experimental results identify the capability of the proposed MI sensor in weak magnetic detection.

Method of Ratiometric Proximity Sensing

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring an operating current and an operating voltage of an inductive proximity sensor in an improved manner. The proposed method is to measure and process the sensing parameters in a ratiometric way. A proximity sensing electronics unit receives an input signal from a proximity sensor that was derived by dividing the sensor's current by the sensor's supply voltage which produces that operating current. The division result, i.e., the quotient, is properly scaled to represent the sensor's state. The circuitry ratiometrically determines its operation status by eliminating common mode effects and variations of sensor state thresholds, allowing additional sensing parameters and health status to be measured and monitored without extending the operational range of the sensor.

A High-Accuracy Lock-In Transceiver for Speed Over 8000-r/min Contactless Eddy-Current Angular Position Sensors

Abstract: This article presents a customized low-power and high-linearity lock-in transceiver, including a dual-channel receiver and a one-channel transmitter for inductive continuous angular position sensing. Based on the dual-channel design, the measured angle error is immune to the gain variation and the phase deviation of receiver channels. To accommodate the liftoff of the target, a wide range tunable gain of 0–42.8 dB and an adjustable excitation frequency of 1–8 MHz are employed and optimized in the transceiver. In addition, the transmitter reuses the transmitter coil with the sensor and induces ~MHz-level carrier wave, mitigating skin effect and achieving the reduction of system size. Hence, the sensing module, consisting of the proposed transceiver and inductive sensor, could work in noisy environments for measuring continuous and full-range angles during high-speed rotations (over 8000 r/min), such as for electric power steering applications. The transceiver has been fabricated in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process. The measured results of transceiver with an emulated sensor show that the maximum and rms nonlinearity are 0.26% and 0.005%, respectively. The proposed transceiver has achieved 10-dB higher figure of merit (FoM) than state-of-the-art measurements.

A surface and interior material identification technology based on dual-mode sensor

Abstract: In this paper, a novel hybrid-sensor integrating TENG and inductive sensor is proposed to acquire the triboelectric and inductive signals from different objects. A matching CNN algorithm was used to process the above signals in order to achieving highly accurate recognition. The identification accuracy of different solid surfaces reached 98.89% and the identification accuracy of different solution reached 95%. As a demonstration, we designed a real-time identification system for effective sorting of different items.