Topic
Infestation
About: Infestation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8308 publications have been published within this topic receiving 82305 citations.
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the level of parasitism is highest for lower levels of C. cinctus infestation, in fields where parasitoids are either scarce or abundant, and developed redistribution strategies for introducing these parasitoid at sawfly infested locations where they are currently present at negligible levels are discussed.
52 citations
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TL;DR: It is concluded that biofumigation to control M. incognita is unlikely to be effective under cool conditions, that at soil temperatures around 25 masculineC broccoli is more effective than melon and tomato, and that the addition of chicken manure at this soil temperature may enhance the efficacy.
Abstract: Plant residues of broccoli, melon, and tomato with or without addition of chicken manure were used as biofumigants in two pot experiments with Meloidogyne incognita-infested soils. The efficacy of these biofumigants in controlling M. incognita infestation in susceptible tomato bio-assay plants was studied at soil temperatures of 20 masculine, 25 masculine, and 30 masculineC. None of the plant residues was effective at 20 masculineC, and broccoli was more effective than tomato or melon at 25 masculineC. At 30 masculineC all three plant residues reduced M. incognita infestation of tomato to very low levels. Chicken manure was effective in one of two experiments at 20 masculineC, and at 25 masculineC enhanced the efficacy of tomato and melon residue in one of two experiments. At 30 masculineC chicken manure was equally effective as the three plant residues but did not further decrease infestation levels in plant residue amended soils. It is concluded that biofumigation to control M. incognita is unlikely to be effective under cool conditions, that at soil temperatures around 25 masculineC broccoli is more effective than melon and tomato, and that the addition of chicken manure at this soil temperature may enhance the efficacy. At high soil temperatures, of approximately 30 masculineC, the biofumigant source seems of minor importance as strong reductions in tomato infestation by M. incognita were achieved by addition of each of the three plant residues as well as by addition of chicken manure.
52 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a series of observations were made on infestations of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora on the herbage of pastures grazed by calves.
Abstract: Over a period of seven years several series of observations were made on infestations of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora on the herbage of pastures grazed by calves. A regular seasonal pattern was revealed. The concentration of larvae on the herbage falls to a low level in spring. Susceptible calves turned out at this time may begin to contaminate the pasture in mid-May but it is not until July that the infestation on the herbage increases significantly. Generally the increase is to a high level which is maintained with little change until the following spring.Evidence is presented which indicates that contamination of the pasture in the first half of the grazing season is far more effective in the production of an infestation on the herbage than is contamination in the second half of the season.In a discussion of the epidemiology of parasitic gastro-enteritis the formerly accepted view, that clinical helminthiasis results from a continuous build-up of infection in the calves and on the pasture is rejected. It appears that the parasites complete little more than one generation each year.The results of these observations suggest a simple and widely applicable means of controlling parasitic gastro-enteritis in calves.
52 citations
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TL;DR: Heavy infestation of calves, lambs and kids with the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché, 1835), accompanied by severe anaemia and mortality, is described.
51 citations
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TL;DR: The different tick species display different on-dog activity peaks over the year, during which particular canine diseases can be expected and predicted, considering the specific incubation times for each pathogen.
Abstract: Effective control of tick infestation and pathogen transmission requires profound knowledge of tick biology in view of their vector function. The particular time of the year when the different tick species start to quest and the favoured sites on the canine host are of major interest. The efficacy of acaricides/repellents to control ticks in the field requires observation. To address these issues, 90 dogs, grouped in “untreated”, “acaricide/repellent” (permethrin) and “acaricide only” (fipronil) animals and subjected to tick infestation under natural conditions in Burgenland (Eastern Austria), were examined. The number and species of ticks occurring during and outside the protection time was evaluated during a period of 11 months and the biting location on the dogs’ skin was recorded. Of the 700 ticks collected, the most common species in that particular walking area was Ixodes ricinus, followed by Dermacentor reticulatus and Haemaphysalis concinna. Regarding the on-host activity, D. reticulatus displayed more infestations in early spring and late autumn, whereas I. ricinus occurred almost one month later in spring and one month earlier in autumn. H. concinna followed a monophasic pattern of activity with a peak in summer. The preferred feeding sites of the ticks on the dogs were on the head, neck, shoulder and chest. This distribution over the dog’s body was not influenced by the use of the drugs, although on the whole fewer ticks (22.5% of all ticks) were found during the protection time. Interestingly, differences occurred with the use of drugs compared to non-protected dogs with regard to the infestation over the year. Acaricide-treated dogs displayed a higher prevalence in April, May and September, whereas dogs of the acaricide/repellent group showed a higher infestation in March, July, October and November. The different tick species display different on-dog activity peaks over the year, during which particular canine diseases can be expected and predicted, considering the specific incubation times for each pathogen. The tick species occurring in this study do not seem to choose particular sites on the dogs. Their arrival place seems to represent the attachment and consequently the feeding sites. The use of acaricides leads to a significantly (p<0.01) lower number of infesting ticks but no change of the distribution pattern on the dogs was observed.
51 citations