Showing papers on "Information privacy published in 1975"

The Privacy Act of 1974.

Abstract: (4) the term "record" means any item, collection, or grouping of information about an individual that is maintained by an agency, including, but not limited to, his education, financial transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history and that contains his name, or the identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as a finger or voice print or a photograph;

Privacy and Security in Computer Systems

Abstract: : This paper presents a broad overview of the three topics important in the design, operation, and use of computerized information systems and personal information databanks: safeguarding of individual rights of data subjects; providing confidentiality to identifiable personal information in statistical and research-oriented information systems; and, protecting computer resources and data files against unauthorized use by maliciously-inclined insiders or by intruders from outside

Privacy and the Law

Abstract: This paper was originally presented as a public lecture delivered to a Victoria University of Wellington Symposium on Computers, Records and Privacy. The increased amount of planning in our sort of society requires limitless quantities of data of all types and from many sources to be collected, to be instantly accessible to be used by the State for many different purposes. It is feared that police and other investigators will follow people around, snoop on them, tap their telephones, and employ electronic listening devices to monitor their conversations and compile secret dossiers. The natural reaction to such widespread invasions of privacy is to frame a law to protect privacy. There are indications that we in New Zealand would like to pass a privacy law or laws. Privacy as a legal issue arrived in New Zealand by osmosis. Our present concern stems more from the avalanche of publication overseas than from any systematic and principled examination of our own condition. Many of the issues in privacy law involve questions of size and scale met with only in the “mass society”. New Zealand observance of the privacy value will flow from our way of life not our laws. Privacy as a concept is unmanageable and to a large extent unintelligible. As an ordering principle in the law privacy embraces so much that our law would have to be fundamentally restructured to accommodate it. To isolate one value like privacy and discuss it separately from other competing aims and values is fundamentally unsound, because all legislative and judicial decisions represent a balance between competing values and objectives.The paper considers the different definitions of privacy and discusses the American tort of privacy including several important cases. No such principle of civil liability has developed in our law although many of the matters covered by the American tort are protected by other remedies. From the American experience with the tort of privacy a number of conclusions can be reached. The tort or torts have been unsatisfactory. The operation of the law has been unpredictable, the complications with freedom of expression have raised constitutional difficulties, and it cannot be said that the protection offered in the US is substantially better than New Zealand law. For these reasons we should avoid developing an independent common law tort of privacy although the Courts should be encouraged to be bold in their extension of existing heads of liability which could be expanded to protect a privacy value.The paper then turns to an enumeration of areas where the privacy value may not have been taken into account sufficiently. It considers that there are three possible legislative approaches toward privacy. The first entails passing a general law encompassing all aspects of privacy for breach of which there would be criminal or civil sanctions or both. The second involves a wide-ranging implementation of privacy protection but at the same time keeps the matter within manageable bounds by restricting the law’s application to defined areas. The third approach, and the only one which the author supports, requires separate examination of privacy issues in particular areas with legislative measures designed to deal with specific problems rather than grant general rights.

Cost implications of privacy protection in databank systems

Abstract: The last 10 years in the development of computerized personal information databank systems in the United States, and a somewhat shorter time period in other North American and Western European countries, have seen a mounting concern over the violations of privacy and other individual rights of the data subjects that may result from the use of such systems. In the United States a series of Congressional hearings, articles in professional and popular journals 1,2 and the reports by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) project on

Security and Privacy in Computer Systems.

Abstract: (1975). Security and Privacy in Computer Systems. Journal of the Operational Research Society: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 352-352.