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Showing papers on "Information sharing published in 1992"


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The framework is designed to support information sharing and coordinated communication among members of a product development organization, particularly for the tasks of design knowledge capture, dynamic notification of design changes, and active management of design dependencies.
Abstract: Information sharing and decision coordination are central problems for large-scale product development. This paper proposes a framework for supporting a knowledge medium (Stefik 1986): a computational environment in which explicitly represented knowledge serves as a communication medium among people and their programs. The framework is designed to support information sharing and coordinated communication among members of a product development organization, particularly for the tasks of design knowledge capture, dynamic notification of design changes, and active management of design dependencies. The proposed technology consists of a shared knowledge representation (language and vocabulary), protocols for foreign data encapsulation and posting to the shared environment, and mechanisms for content-directed routing of posted information to interested parties via subscription and notification services. A range of possible applications can be explored in this framework, depending on the degree of commitment to a shared representation by participating tools. A number of research issues, fundamental to building such a knowledge medium, are introduced in the paper.

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rochford and Rudelius as mentioned in this paper examined the effects on new product performance of obtaining information from multiple functional areas during the stages of the new product development process, and explored the effects of information sharing among functional areas on product performance.

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The difficulties of information sharing between colleagues, and the basic W3 model of hypertext and searchable indexes, are described, and a new simple search and retrieve protocol (HTTP), and the SGML style document encoding used are described.
Abstract: This paper describes the World-Wide Web (W3) global information system initiative, its protocols and data formats, and how it is used in practice. It discusses the plethora of different but similar information systems which exist, and how the web unifies them, creating a single information space. We describe the difficulties of information sharing between colleagues, and the basic W3 model of hypertext and searchable indexes. We list the protocols used by W3 and describe a new simple search and retrieve protocol (HTTP), and the SGML style document encoding used. We summarize the current status of the X11, NeXTStep, dumb terminal and other clients, and of the available server and gateway software.

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors model credit reporting as a system of formalized and surgically-precise gossip and show that credit reporting makes possible reputations, which make possible credit relationships.
Abstract: Reputation is possible in a small community, but in the Smith-Lippmann-Hayekian Great Society people are mainly strangers. I model credit reporting as a system of formalized and surgically-precise gossip. In the Great Society credit reporting makes possible reputations, which make possible credit relationships. But forming a credit reporting system is no simple matter. Historically it has been local gossip in the small community that has made possible credit reporting “gossip” in the Great Society.

134 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ad adopting the paradigm of the organizational fit school, this paper postulates that for IS structures to be effective they should possess capacities for matching information sharing requirements.
Abstract: :This paper describes relations between organizational structures and IS structures based on requirements for information sharing. Information sharing is defined as a linking concept between organizational and IS structures. Task characteristics, technological interdependency, work teams, and networked structures of organizations determine information sharing requirements. Adopting the paradigm of the organizational fit school, this paper postulates that for IS structures to be effective they should possess capacities for matching information sharing requirements.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the technology transfer in the micro-hydro sector in Nepal, focusing on the success and disappointments of the sector, and provide useful lessons for technology transfer programs.

25 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a series of 15 laboratory sessions that test the non-cooperative, backward induction approach of game-theoretic models was conducted, and the results suggest that pricing behavior may be influenced by the information sharing decision.
Abstract: Information regarding uncertain demand conditions or industry costs, as well as the opportunity to share this information, can have an important impact on firm behavior A series of recent game-theoretic models have characterized the incentives for firms to share information regarding uncertain parameters [3; 7; 8; 13; 14; 16; 22; 26; 20; 21 provide a comprehensive survey] Most of the models assume that behavior in the output market is noncooperative, regardless of the firms' information sharing decisions This paper reports a series of 15 laboratory sessions that test the noncooperative, backward induction approach of these models The results suggest that pricing behavior may be influenced by the information sharing decision: Under most conditions the noncooperative Nash model accurately describes average behavior, although in certain conditions information sharing appears to facilitate tacit collusion The paper also estimates a simple behavioral model of learning that describes how experimental subjects learn the optimal information sharing decision as an alternative to the theories' backward induction assumption The information sharing models tested here have been interpreted as identifying the incentives for competitive firms to form a trade association that reduces their uncertainty Thousands of trade and professional associations are active worldwide, and the majority collect information from their members that is aggregated and distributed through association statistical programs The theoretical models demonstrate how three variables influence the information sharing incentives: 1) The type of competition (Bertrand or Cournot); 2) the nature of the goods (substitutes or complements); and, 3) the source of uncertainty (demand or cost) The first two variables determine the slope of the firms' reaction functions, and the uncertainty source along with the information sharing decision determines the degree of correlation among the firms' strategies The incentive for noncooperative firms to share information shifts as these three variables change because reduced correlation has a negative or positive effect on profit depending upon the slope of the reaction functions

24 citations


Book
01 Nov 1992
TL;DR: Infotrends as mentioned in this paper spotlights these and other crucial trends, sharing proven strategies that profit-hungry executives and managers will use to create cohesive, company-wide information sharing systems; outsource technology departments to slash data and telecommunications expenditures; downsize to PC workstations that speed and simplify front-line decision making; use competitive marketing intelligence to better target and sell customers; and embark on strategic information sharing partnerships.
Abstract: To promote competitive advantage, business information must be viewed in profitable new ways, linked to the strategic planninc process, and deftly managed to boost productivity. "Infotrends" spotlights these and other crucial trends, sharing proven strategies that profit-hungry executives and managers will use to create cohesive, company-wide information sharing systems; outsource technology departments to slash data and telecommunications expenditures; downsize to PC workstations that speed and simplify front-line decision making; use competitive marketing intelligence to better target and sell customers; and embark on strategic information sharing partnerships. Also included are insider profiles assessing the information tools and strategies that such "info-literate" companies as Kodak, Federal Express and MCI are using to continuously improve their operations.

13 citations


01 Feb 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the information sharing paradigm which is rapidly emerging in mature organizations where information technology is being heavily used for communications and decision-making, and their particular emphasis is not upon the ways in which the paradigm is being exploited in developed societies and economies but on how it might be used in geographic information systems in the Third World.
Abstract: This paper explores the ’information-sharing’ paradigm which is rapidly emerging in mature organizations where information technology is being heavily used for communications and decision-making. The particular emphasis in the paper is not upon the ways in which the paradigm is being exploited in developed societies and economies but on the ways in which it might be used in geographic information systems in the Third World. First, typical approaches to learning about such systems are presented, based on comparative studies and case histories and then the meaning of information in its widest sense is discussed. The sharing paradigm is then developed and its applicability to situations where network infrastructures are not well-developed such as those in developing countries is presented. The paper elaborates the argument with some speculations on how the sharing paradigm might aid our understanding of the development of GIS in the Third World; and by way of conclusion, some speculations on the research agenda now needed in this domain are outlined.

8 citations


01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: This thesis describes a system where sharing information among a large network of autonomous heterogeneous databases is achieved with little loss of site autonomy, and proposes an extensible solution to some of them.
Abstract: As the number of autonomous databases proliferate and the need for more information sharing becomes more pressing, new research is needed to first determine the new problems that arise and second, find adequate solutions to them. This thesis is an effort to contribute to this emerging field. We first describe some important problems and propose an extensible solution to some of them. In that respect, we describe a system where sharing information among a large network of autonomous heterogeneous databases is achieved with little loss of site autonomy. The idea is to partition the information space, using information interest as a main criterion. Using information types as units of data sharing lets users investigate information by using documentation about structure and behavior, without sacrificing site autonomy. The query resolution relies on an object-oriented architecture to educate users about the available domain of information and help them locate component databases where the information resides.

7 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors endogenized the exogenous information in information sharing models, and found that agreements to exchange information affect the value and production of information, and a learning-by-doing like effect also arises.
Abstract: Using the work in experimentation, the author endogenizes the, until now, exogenous information in information sharing models. He finds that agreements to exchange information affect the value and production of information. With unknown cost, a learning-by-doing like effect also arises. These effects affect consumer welfare, the incentive to receive information, and the incentive to enter information sharing agreements. Information sharing contracts may have negative future effects on firms through decreased information production. However, the decreased information production has the current benefit of softening competition, which induces information sharing agreements under conditions contrary to previous results and vice versa. Copyright 1995 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 Dec 1992
TL;DR: It is suggested that a worldwide information sharing service for management applications can be achieved with the approach described, and several X.500 object classes are proposed to represent management information in the directory.
Abstract: With the growth of interconnected network size and complexity, diverse requirements have risen for constructing a powerful information service. The concepts of management information base and directory information base are reviewed, and their similarities and differences are analyzed. It is shown that applying X.500 Directory to OSI management presents some interesting benefits. Several X.500 object classes are then proposed to represent management information in the directory. A model of information exchange is addressed briefly. It is suggested that a worldwide information sharing service for management applications can be achieved with the approach described. >

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The overall functionality of the system, called Grace, is specified by an object-oriented model of information sharing which emphasizes critical issues for large scale cooperative working, including naming and organizational context for activities.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Vendors, system integrators and hospital administrators are suggested to put aside competition and try a new concept--"coopetition"--to solve the problem of integrated information sharing in healthcare.
Abstract: As healthcare organizations move from isolated departments to integrated information sharing, who will pilot this change? Both the director and manager of pathology data systems at the University of Michigan Hospitals in Ann Arbor suggest vendors, system integrators and hospital administrators put aside competition and try a new concept--"coopetition"--to solve the problem.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present normative principles of database decentralization and derive formulas that give the principles a theoretical underpinning, and illustrate the application of each principle in actual practice.
Abstract: This research addresses the issues of database ownership and incentives and their impact on information sharing and system performance. Existing research has identified the benefits of centralized control and has formalized the importance of a vested authority setting standards, working towards user transparency, and reducing organization wide data inconsistencies. In practice, however, many centralization and standardization efforts have failed, typically because departments lacked incentives or needed greater local autonomy. Unfortunately, motivational factors have typically eluded formal characterization. Using an "incomplete contracts" approach from economics, it is possible to model the costs and benefits of decentralization, including critical intangible factors. This paper presents normative principles of database decentralization; it derives formulas that give the principles a theoretical underpinning; and it illustrates the application of each principle in actual practice.


01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Some of the unsatisfied information needs observed in widely differing areas of a large, diverse company are described and the implications of these information needs for both technological and organizational change are discussed.
Abstract: information search and retrieval, user needs analysis, information sharing We have interviewed information workers in widely differing areas of a large, diverse company. We describe some of the unsatisfied information needs we observed during this study. Two clusters of issues are described. The first covers how individuals use information, customizing it for particular tasks by assembling selected information from different sources into information compounds. The problems of identifying, selecting, and interacting with heterogeneous sources are discussed. The second set of issues centers around the characteristics of and barriers to sharing information among work groups. Effective sharing depends on factors such as trust, the ability to personalize, and the addition of meaningful structure to complex, interwoven information. We discuss the implications of these information needs for both technological and organizational change.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 Oct 1992
TL;DR: The authors provide a framework for an economical and efficient transition from today's communications architecture to the goal architecture in a phased approach and describe the path to the future environment as a controlled evolutionary transition strategy.
Abstract: The goal-integrated communications architecture for the Defense Information System Network (DISN) is based on open systems principles and will support multimedia workstations and multilevel security applications. Broadband integrated services digital network (BISDN) standards and services form the basic infrastructure of the goal architecture. The authors provide a framework for an economical and efficient transition from today's communications architecture to the goal architecture in a phased approach. The trend is towards information sharing, consolidation, and integrated services (e.g., voice, data, video, leads and imagery) while capitalizing on commercial off-the-shelf services and equipment. The path to the future environment is characterized as a controlled evolutionary transition strategy based on anticipated changes in user requirements, advances in technology, and the pace of standards implementation. >



01 Feb 1992
TL;DR: The exchange of information between weapon system contractors and DoD when spare parts for new weapon systems are being provisioned and procured is examined.
Abstract: : The Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support (CALS) program provides data management concepts and interchange standards that promote information sharing in digital form CALS concepts can improve supply management processes and reduce costs by eliminating data exchange problems and providing timely access to information Today with sequential processes, data are passed along with the task from function to function The CALS concept shares digital data in a common data base allowing many tasks to be performed concurrently As a result, throughput times are improved and flexibility is added so that the process can be modified as new information, like a design change, becomes available This report examines the exchange of information between weapon system contractors and DoD when spare parts for new weapon systems are being provisioned and procured The acquisition phase of weapon system support requires the transfer of information between a large number of contractors and DoD The diversity of computer systems used by contractors and by Government activities has made information exchange extremely difficult to standardize As a result, the introduction of CALS concepts can have its most dramatic impact during the acquisition phase of weapon system support

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that full information sharing is not necessarily a Pareto optimum and that the informational behaviour of governments is crucial and should be taken into account when designing the optimal international tax system.
Abstract: The residence-based principle has been proposed as a second-best measure to the full international coordination of capital tax policies. A basic requirement for this system to work is that tax authorities have full information about the foreign investments of their residents. The degree of information transmission among governments can be considered as a variable used strategically in the same way taxes are, however. We show that under some features of the tax system there will not be any information sharing, while there are institutional arrangements under which governments will transmit partial information for strategic purposes. We also show that full information sharing is not necessarily a Pareto optimum. Our conclusion is that the informational behaviour of governments is crucial and should be taken into account when designing the optimal international tax system.