Showing papers on "Injection locking published in 2004"
TL;DR: In this paper, an identity obtained from phase and envelope equations is used to express the requisite oscillator nonlinearity and interpret phase noise reduction, and the behavior of phase-locked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated.
Abstract: Injection locking characteristics of oscillators are derived and a graphical analysis is presented that describes injection pulling in time and frequency domains. An identity obtained from phase and envelope equations is used to express the requisite oscillator nonlinearity and interpret phase noise reduction. The behavior of phase-locked oscillators under injection pulling is also formulated.
1,159 citations
TL;DR: An injection-locked oscillator topology is presented, based on MOS switches directly coupled to the LC tank of well-known LC oscillators, which features wide locking ranges, a very low input capacitance, and highest frequency capability.
Abstract: An injection-locked oscillator topology is presented, based on MOS switches directly coupled to the LC tank of well-known LC oscillators. The direct injection-locking scheme features wide locking ranges, a very low input capacitance, and highest frequency capability. The direct locking and the tradeoff between power consumption and tank quality factor is verified through three test circuits in 0.13-/spl mu/m standard CMOS, aiming at input frequency ranges of 50, 40, and 15 GHz. The 40- and 50-GHz dividers consume 3 mW with locking ranges of 80 MHz and 1.5 GHz. The 15-GHz divider consumes 23 mW and features a locking range of 2.8 GHz.
298 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an injection-locked LC dividers for low-power quadrature generation are discussed, where the authors model the circuits as regenerative frequency dividers, leading to very simple analytical expressions for the locking band, phase deviation from quadratures and phase noise.
Abstract: Injection-locked LC dividers for low-power quadrature generation are discussed in this paper Modeling the circuits as regenerative frequency dividers leads to very simple analytical expressions for the locking band, phase deviation from quadrature and phase noise Maximizing the ratio between the injected and the biasing current is beneficial to all the above parameters whereas reducing the tank quality factor improves locking band and quadrature accuracy, though at the expense of current consumption, for given output amplitude To validate the theory, experiments have been carried on a 018-/spl mu/m CMOS direct conversion IC, embedding an injection-locked quadrature generator, realized for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Frequency locking range as large as 24% and phase deviation from quadrature around 08/spl deg/ are measured while each divider consumes 2 mA The phase noise of the quadrature generator is determined by the driving oscillator phase noise because the dividers contribution is easily made negligible up to hundreds of megahertz offset
193 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a nonlinear approach for generating small phase-domain oscillator/voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) macromodels that capture injection locking well is proposed.
Abstract: Injection locking is a nonlinear dynamical phenomenon that is often exploited in electronic and optical oscillator design. Behavioral modeling techniques for oscillators that predict this phenomenon accurately are of significant scientific and practical importance. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear approach for generating small phase-domain oscillator/voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) macromodels that capture injection locking well. Our nonlinear phase-domain macromodels are closely related to recent oscillator phase noise and jitter theories, and can be extracted efficiently by algorithm from SPICE-level descriptions of any oscillator or VCO. Using LC and ring oscillators as test cases, we confirm the ability of nonlinear phase macromodels to capture injection locking, and also obtain significant computational speedups over full SPICE-level circuit simulation. Furthermore, we show that our approach is equally effective for capturing the dynamics of transition to locking, including unlocked tones and phase jump phenomena.
146 citations
TL;DR: Results of locking QCLs to optical cavities, achieving relative linewidths down to 5.6 Hz are presented and various cavity-enhanced chemical sensors employing the frequency stabilization techniques developed, including the resonant sideband technique known as NICE-OHMS are presented.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relative dependence of the frequency and the magnitude between the principal oscillation and the first sideband in period-one oscillations as a function of the detuning frequency and injection strength of the injection signal was investigated.
Abstract: The characteristics of period-one oscillations in semiconductor lasers subject to optical injection are experimentally and theoretically investigated. Attention is mainly paid to the relative dependence of the frequency and the magnitude between the principal oscillation and the first sideband in period-one oscillations as a function of the detuning frequency and the injection strength of the injection signal. The frequency separation between the two signals is found to decrease as the injection strength and the detuning frequency reduce. The magnitude of the principal oscillation decreases with the decreasing injection strength and the increasing detuning frequency, while that of the first sideband grows at the same time. At some operating conditions, the magnitude of the first sideband dominates that of the original principal oscillation, resulting in a frequency shift of the principal oscillation from the injection frequency to the first sideband. Similar studies are also done for the stable injection locking to explore the transition of the frequency and the magnitude characteristics across the Hopf bifurcation line. The effects of different bias current levels of the injected laser on the frequency and the magnitude characteristics of period-one oscillations are also investigated.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of sinusoidally forced oscillations of a fractional oscillator was conducted, and it was shown that the system exhibits a rich variety of damping characteristics, which do not find any parallel in the damped harmonic oscillator system.
Abstract: A study of sinusoidally forced oscillations of a fractional oscillator shows that the system exhibits a rich variety of damping characteristics. While some aspects of the damping mimic the characteristic features of a damped harmonic oscillator, there are others, which do not find any parallel in the damped harmonic oscillator system. It is clearly demonstrated that the “free” and “forced” oscillations of a fractional oscillator are characterized by different damping parameters. While both depend on the fractional index α , the “free” oscillation damping depends on the “natural frequency”, ω 0 , of the oscillator, the “forced” oscillation damping depends in addition, on the “driving frequency”, ω . Furthermore, there is a different power-law tail associated with each of these cases.
73 citations
TL;DR: Injection locking of two DFB semiconductors opens new possibilities to generate effective signals for optical sensing, in order to reach better performances as discussed by the authors, which is illustrated through the application to the distributed Brillouin sensing.
Abstract: Injection locking of two DFB semiconductors opens new possibilities to generate effective signals for optical sensing, in order to reach better performances. Pure wave forms can be generated with qualities exceeding those obtained using external modulators. This is illustrated through the application to the distributed Brillouin sensing that shows significant progress with respect to established techniques.
65 citations
15 Nov 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, several layout techniques are described to improve the performance of the frequency divider, and the performance improvement is verified using a five-layer metal and 0.2-/spl mu/m-gate CMOS process.
Abstract: LC-resonator frequency dividers are used for high-speed operation. In particular a differential injection locking frequency divider is promising as a millimeter-wave-band divider However, its locking range is narrow and insufficient for practical use. In this paper, several layout techniques are described to improve the performance of the frequency divider, and the performance improvement is verified using a five-layer-metal and 0.2-/spl mu/m-gate CMOS process. Measurement results reveal the minimum and maximum operating frequencies to be 52.7 GHz and 55.9 GHz with 10.1 mW at a supply voltage of 1.0 V.
64 citations
TL;DR: A 0.622-8-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit using injection locking for jitter suppression and phase interpolation in high-bandwidth system-on-chip solutions is described.
Abstract: A 0.622-8-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit using injection locking for jitter suppression and phase interpolation in high-bandwidth system-on-chip solutions is described. A slave injection locked oscillator (SILO) is locked to a tracking aperture-multiplying DLL (TA-MDLL) via a coarse phase selection multiplexer (MUX). For the fine timing vernier, an interpolator DAC controls the injection strength of the MUX output into the SILO. This 1.2-V 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS CDR consumes 33 mW at 8Gb/s. Die area including voltage regulator is 0.08 mm/sup 2/. Recovered clock jitter is 49 ps pk-pk at a 200-ppm bit-rate offset.
60 citations
06 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a new architecture for wireless power and data telemetry recovers power and system clock from a weak incident RF signal, using an efficient RF-DC converter rectifies and multiplies the received signal, generating a practical DC voltage, far higher than the incident RF signals amplitude, increasing the range between the base station and the transponder.
Abstract: This new architecture for wireless power and data telemetry recovers power and system clock from a weak incident RF signal. An efficient RF-DC converter rectifies and multiplies the received signal, generating a practical DC voltage, far higher than the incident RF signal amplitude, increasing the range between the base station and the transponder. An injection locked LC oscillator recovers the system clock from the incident signal. Super-harmonic or sub-harmonic locking facilitates the separation of the incident and telemetry frequency without the need for a PLL. Experimental data from a 900 MHz transponder and a remotely powered 2.3 GHz wireless temperature sensor are presented. Both prototypes, implemented in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS, occupy less that 1 mm/sup 2/.
TL;DR: In this article, a rational harmonic mode-locking of an Erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFL) at repetition frequency of 40 GHz was demonstrated by using a purely loss-modulated Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode (FPLD) at 1 GHz.
Abstract: Rational harmonic mode-locking of an Erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFL) at repetition frequency of 40 GHz is demonstrated by using a purely loss-modulated Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode (FPLD) at 1 GHz. The FPLD is neither lasing nor gain-switching, which requires a threshold modulation power of 18 dBm to initiate harmonic mode-locking of the EDFL. After chirp compensation, the nearly transform-limited pulsewidth and spectral linewidth of 3 ps and 1.3 nm are obtained at repetition frequency of 40 GHz, which corresponds to a time-bandwidth product of 0.31. The EDFL gradually evolves from harmonic mode-locking to injection-locking mode as the FPLD changes from loss-modulation to gain-switching mode by increasing its dc driving current.
TL;DR: In this paper, a method of optical injection locking was proposed to obtain efficient synchronisation between independent sets of optical frequency combs from two model-ocked semiconductor lasers, which was experimentally observed and the performance of oscillator synchronisation was demonstrated by an optical heterodyne detection experiment.
Abstract: A novel method of optical injection locking to obtain efficient synchronisation between independent sets of optical frequency combs from two modelocked semiconductor lasers is presented. Locking dynamics are experimentally observed and the performance of oscillator synchronisation is demonstrated by an optical heterodyne detection experiment.
07 Nov 2004
TL;DR: The comprehensive macromodels are able to correctly predict oscillator response in the presence of interference at far lower computational cost than that of full SPICE-level simulation.
Abstract: We present a method for extracting comprehensive amplitude and phase macromodels of oscillators from their circuit descriptions. The macromodels are based on combining a scalar, nonlinear phase equation with a small linear time-varying system to capture slowly-dying amplitude variations. The comprehensive macromodels are able to correctly predict oscillator response in the presence of interference at far lower computational cost than that of full SPICE-level simulation. We also present an efficient numerical method for capturing injection locking in oscillators, thereby improving on the classic technique of Adler (1946) in terms of accuracy and applicability to any kind of oscillator. We demonstrate the proposed techniques on LC and ring oscillators, comparing results from the macromodels against full SPICE-like simulation. Numerical experiments demonstrate speed tips of orders of magnitude, while retaining excellent accuracy.
18 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the characteristics of period-one oscillations in semiconductor laser subject to optical injection are investigated and the changes in the frequency separation and magnitude difference between the principal oscillation and the sideband of the injected laser are studied as a function of experimentally accessible parameters, the detuning frequency and the injection strength of the injection signal.
Abstract: The characteristics of period-one oscillations in semiconductor
lasers subject to optical injection is experimentally and
quantitatively investigated. The changes in the frequency
separation and in the magnitude difference between the principal
oscillation and the sideband of the injected laser are studied
as a function of experimentally accessible parameters, the detuning frequency and the injection strength of the injection signal. The frequency separation decreases as the injection strength and the detuning frequency decrease. The magnitude of the principal
oscillation decreases with the decreasing injection strength and the
increasing detuning frequency, while that of the sideband grows
at the same time. At some operating conditions, these characteristics
leads to a situation that the magnitude of the sideband becomes larger than that of the original principal oscillation, resulting in a frequency shift of the principal oscillation from the injection frequency to the sideband.
TL;DR: In this article, an all-optical inverter using transverse mode switching of a 1.55/spl mu/m vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is demonstrated.
Abstract: An all-optical inverter using transverse-mode switching of a 1.55-/spl mu/m vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is demonstrated. When an external light is injected to a first high-order mode, the output power of the fundamental mode is strongly suppressed due to injection locking resulting in a large extinction ratio of over 20 dB. Waveform inversion is demonstrated for the input signal of a 5-GHz sinusoidal wave.
TL;DR: In this article, an injection-locked delay line oscillator multiplies a 5-6GHz input by 3 to generate I/Q LO signals for 17-GHz wireless networking applications, where the I/q errors caused by asymmetric injection are minimized by symmetric injection via a passive polyphase prefilter.
Abstract: An injection-locked delay line oscillator multiplies a 5-6-GHz input by 3 to generate I/Q LO signals for 17-GHz wireless networking applications. I/Q errors caused by asymmetric injection are minimized by symmetric injection via a passive polyphase prefilter. Passive delay lines set the measured free-running frequency of the LC ring oscillator to 16.24 GHz. The measured locking range for a 0 dBm (50 /spl Omega/) input is 14.6-17.86 GHz. Input-to-output phase noise degradation is negligible, and I/Q amplitude and phase errors are <0.17 dB and <2/spl deg/, respectively. Power consumption of the 1.2/spl times/1.4 mm/sup 2/ 0.2 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS testchip (excluding buffers) is 22 mW at 2.2 V.
TL;DR: This paper demonstrates clock recovery from a patterned optical-time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) return-to-zero (RZ) data stream using a cascaded LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator as an efficient optical-electrical mixer.
Abstract: In this paper, we demonstrate clock recovery from a patterned optical-time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) return-to-zero (RZ) data stream. A cascaded LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulator is employed as an efficient optical-electrical mixer. A phase-locked-loop (PLL) is used to lock the cross-correlation component between the optical signal and a local oscillating signal. As a result, clock signal at 10GHz is extracted from the 160Gb/s optical TDM signal. The measured root-mean-square (RMS) timing jitter of the 10GHz clock signal is ~130fs.
TL;DR: In this article, a 17 GHz RF receiver, consisting of a low-noise amplifier and doubly balanced mixers coupled by a monolithic 3.7:1 stepdown transformer, realizes over 75 dB of image rejection in a production 100 GHz f/sub T/SiGe BiCMOS technology.
Abstract: A 17-GHz RF receiver, consisting of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and doubly balanced mixers coupled by a monolithic 3.7:1 step-down transformer, realizes over 75 dB of image rejection in a production 100-GHz f/sub T/ SiGe BiCMOS technology. A new coupling transformer winding improves the magnetic coupling coefficient by more than 20% compared to conventional designs, which reduces parasitic effects and increases the overall efficiency of the LNA/mixer combination. Quadrature LO signals with electronically tunable phase are generated by a subharmonically injection-locked oscillator. The measured receiver IIP3 is -5.1 dBm with 17.3-dB conversion gain and 6.5-dB noise figure (SSB 50 /spl Omega/) at 17.2 GHz. The 1.9/spl times/1.0 mm/sup 2/ IC consumes 62.5 mW from a 2.2-V supply.
TL;DR: In this paper, the transverse-mode dynamics of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with external optical injection was studied and it was shown that by increasing the optical injection strength the laser does not turn into a single-mode laser, as would be expected if the transversal modes have perpendicular polarizations.
Abstract: We study numerically the transverse-mode dynamics of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with external optical injection. We consider the case in which two transverse modes with parallel polarizations are exited. Varying the strength and frequency of the injected field, we find a rich variety of complex behaviors. We show that by increasing the optical injection strength the laser does not turn into a single-mode laser, as would be expected if the transverse modes have perpendicular polarizations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the synchronization of unidirectionally coupled multi-transverse-mode VCSELs is numerically studied and two distinct synchronization regimes, complete synchronization and injection locking, can be distinguished by the lag time between the master and the slave laser intensities.
Abstract: The synchronization of unidirectionally coupled multi-transverse-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is numerically studied. It is demonstrated that synchronization can be achieved between each transverse mode of a master laser and its counterpart, a slave laser. This result opens the opportunity for multichannel chaotic communications by use of multi-transverse-mode VCSELs. It is further shown that two distinct synchronization regimes exist, complete synchronization and injection locking, which can be distinguished by the lag time between the master and the slave laser intensities.
Patent•
05 Jan 2004TL;DR: In this paper, a method of locking a first oscillator with a second oscillator and a circuit and an arrangement is presented. But this method is not suitable for the case of two oscillators.
Abstract: A method of locking a first LC-oscillator with a second LC-oscillator and a circuit and an arrangement therefore. The method comprises coupling by mutual inductance a resonance inductor of the first LC-oscillator with a resonance inductor of the second LC-oscillator. A development of an oscillator circuit according to the invention comprising two locked differential LC-oscillators is an oscillator arrangement locking together two oscillator circuits by AC coupling fundamental frequency AC-ground points of the two oscillator circuits.
TL;DR: In this paper, a side-mode injection-locked laser diode (LD) was applied to a variable-wavelength optical transmitter in parallel transmission systems using variable wavelengths, and the linewidths of the LD were investigated as a function of m.
Abstract: This paper discusses an optical transmitter in parallel transmission systems using variable wavelengths. We propose to apply side-mode injection locking using a Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser to realize this transmitter. Important characteristics are the injection power required for single-mode lasing of a slave laser diode (LD) and its dependence on side mode m. This paper measures the required power as a function of m and proposes a new simple theory to explain the measured data. The linewidths of injection-locked LDs were experimentally investigated as a function of m. The relation between the linewidths of master and slave LDs were also measured. Finally, the paper describes fundamental transmission experiments at 1 Gb/s using an injection-locked LD to clarify the side-mode dependence of bit-error rate.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 32.48 GHz optical clock with low level of timing jitter (0.38 ps) and high extinction ratio (23 dB) was recovered from a return-to-zero input optical data stream.
Abstract: We present a new scheme for realizing optical clock recovery by injection locking a long cavity Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode. A 32.48-GHz optical clock with low level of timing jitter (0.38 ps) and high extinction ratio (23 dB) was recovered from a 32.48-Gb/s return-to-zero input optical data stream. The impact of the characteristics of the input signal such as the injected optical power and tunability of data rate on the measured radio-frequency power, timing jitter, and extinction ratio of the recovered clock signal has also been investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a V-band 1/2 frequency divider using harmonic injection-locked oscillator was developed using 0.15-/spl mu/m GaAs pHEMT process, which showed a maximum locking range of 7.4 GHz under a low power dissipation of 100 mW.
Abstract: A V-band 1/2 frequency divider is developed using harmonic injection-locked oscillator. The cross-coupled field effect transistors (FETs) and low quality-factor microstrip resonator are employed as a wide-band oscillator to extend the locking bandwidth. The second harmonic of free-running oscillation signal is injected to the gates of cross-coupled FETs for high-sensitivity superharmonic injection locking. The fabricated microwave monolithic integrated circuit frequency divider using 0.15-/spl mu/m GaAs pHEMT process showed a maximum locking range of 7.4 GHz (from 65.1 to 72.5 GHz) under a low power dissipation of 100 mW. The maximum single-ended output power was as high as -3 dBm.
TL;DR: In this article, the temperature effects on injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for use in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) transmitters were studied.
Abstract: We study the temperature effects on injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for use in wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) transmitters. We show that injection locking can be used to lock an uncooled VCSEL to the WDM grid while improving its analog performance.
04 Oct 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude modulation (AM) efficiency, modulation bandwidth, and nonlinear distortions of a directly-modulated gain-lever distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser under external light injection were investigated.
Abstract: Directly modulated fiber-optic links offers significant advantages in system cost and complexity. However, they often suffer from high link loss and inferior RF performance compared with externally modulated links. In this paper, we have experimentally investigated the amplitude modulation (AM) efficiency, modulation bandwidth, and the nonlinear distortions of a directly-modulated gain-lever distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser under external light injection for the first time. By combining gain-lever modulation with optical injection locking, increased modulation efficiency (10 dB) and bandwidth (3 times) as well as suppressed third-order intermodulation distortion (15 dB) have been achieved simultaneously.
TL;DR: A quasi-optical power combiner for a 4/spl times/4 IMPATT oscillator array has been designed and experimentally investigated in this article, which consists of a bi-periodic dielectric phase grating which transforms the near field of a rectangular horn array into a pseudoplane wave.
Abstract: A quasi-optical power combiner for a 4/spl times/4 IMPATT oscillator array has been designed and experimentally investigated. The combiner consists of a bi-periodic dielectric phase grating which transforms the near field of a rectangular horn array into a pseudoplane wave. The horn array is excited by oscillators which operate uniformly in both amplitude and phase. A parabolic mirror with a superimposed surface relief couples the pseudoplane wave into a rectangular output horn antenna. In principle, the combiner has no restriction in inter-element spacing and is hence scalable up to submillimeter wavelengths without degradation of power combining efficiency. The quasi-optical design has been verified by scalar field measurements in several planes. The oscillator matrix is injection-locked by a master oscillator from the output port. A continuous wave output power of 1.3 W with an overall power combining efficiency of 70% has been measured at 65 GHz.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of laser coupling on the array synchronization performance and the gigahertz complementary intensity oscillations occurring at different transverse modes of broad-area lasers subject to the optical injection are addressed.
Abstract: Semiconductor lasers offer significant operational advantages due to their compactness and high electrical-optical conversion efficiency. The major drawback in considering semiconductor lasers for many applications is the relatively small emission power that can be obtained from a single semiconductor laser. Synchronization of laser arrays provides a unique solution to this limitation. In this paper, we describe our recent research on the synchronization of high-power broad-area semiconductor lasers and laser arrays. We demonstrate experimental results on 1) simultaneous injection locking of multiple broad-area lasers to achieve single longitudinal/transverse mode beams and 2) synchronization and coherent beam combination of an integrated 19 broad-area laser array based on a scalable external cavity. A number of issues in the synchronization of broad-area lasers have been addressed in this paper. These include the effects of laser coupling on the array synchronization performance and the gigahertz complementary intensity oscillations occurring at different transverse modes of broad-area lasers subject to the optical injection.