Showing papers on "Injection locking published in 2009"
TL;DR: In this article, a tutorial of optical injection locking of semiconductor lasers is given, with particular emphasis on the enhancement of system parameters, and physical intuition of each parameter enhancement is explained and practical design rules and trends are also shown.
Abstract: In this paper a tutorial of optical injection locking of semiconductor lasers is given, with particular emphasis on the enhancement of system parameters. Furthermore, physical intuition of each parameter enhancement is explained and practical design rules and trends are also shown.
228 citations
TL;DR: A complete analysis on subharmonically injection-locked PLLs develops fundamental theory for subharmonic locking phenomenon, which explains the noise shaping phenomenon, locking range and behavior, PVT tolerance, and pseudo locking issue.
Abstract: A complete analysis on subharmonically injection-locked PLLs develops fundamental theory for subharmonic locking phenomenon. It explains the noise shaping phenomenon, locking range and behavior, PVT tolerance, and pseudo locking issue. All of the analyses are verified by real chip measurements. Two 20-GHz PLLs based on the proposed theory are designed and fabricated in 90-nm CMOS technology to demonstrate the superiority and robustness of this technique. The first chip aims at low-noise/low-power/high-divide-ratio design, achieving 149-fs rms jitter (integrated from 100 Hz to 1 GHz) while consuming 38 mW from a 1.3-V supply. The second prototype shoots for the lowest noise performance, presenting 85-fs rms jitter (the same integration interval) with a power dissipation of 105 mW. The jitter generation (from 50 kHz to 80 MHz) measures 48 fs, which is at least twice as small as that of any other known circuits.
175 citations
TL;DR: A pulse injection-locked oscillator (PILO) that provides low jitter clock multiplication of a clean input reference clock using a mostly-digital feedback circuit that provides continuous tuning of the oscillator such that its natural frequency is locked to the injected frequency.
Abstract: This paper introduces a pulse injection-locked oscillator (PILO) that provides low jitter clock multiplication of a clean input reference clock. A mostly-digital feedback circuit provides continuous tuning of the oscillator such that its natural frequency is locked to the injected frequency. The proposed system is demonstrated with a prototype consisting of a custom 0.13 mum integrated circuit with active area of 0.4 mm2 and core power of 28.6 mW, along with an FPGA, a discrete DAC and a simple RC filter. Using a low jitter 50 MHz reference input, the PILO prototype generates a 3.2 GHz output with integrated phase noise, reference spur, and estimated deterministic jitter of 130 fs (rms), -63.9 dBc, and 200 fs (peak-to-peak), respectively.
101 citations
TL;DR: The distribution and alignment of high-frequency clocks across a wide bus of links is a significant challenge in modern computing systems and a low power clock source is demonstrated by incorporating a buffer into a cross-coupled oscillator.
Abstract: The distribution and alignment of high-frequency clocks across a wide bus of links is a significant challenge in modern computing systems. A low power clock source is demonstrated by incorporating a buffer into a cross-coupled oscillator. Because the load is isolated from the tank, the oscillator can directly drive 50-Ohm impedances or large capacitive loads with no additional buffering. Using this topology, a quadrature VCO (QVCO) is implemented in 0.13 mum digital CMOS. The QVCO oscillates at 20 GHz, consumes 20 mW and provides 12% tuning range. The measured phase noise is -101 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz frequency offset. A clock alignment technique based upon injection-locked quadrature-LC or ring oscillators is then proposed. Although injection-locked oscillators (ILOs) are known to be capable of deskewing and jitter filtering clocks, a study of both LC and ring ILOs indicates significant variation in their jitter tracking bandwidth when used to provide large phase shifts. By selectively injecting different phases of a quadrature-LC or ring VCO, this problem is obviated resulting in reduced phase noise. The technique is demonstrated using a LC QVCO at 20 GHz while burning only 20 mW of power and providing an 8 dB improvement in phase noise. A ring oscillator deskews a 2 to 7 GHz clock while consuming 14 mW in 90 nm CMOS.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a flexible optical clock recovery scheme using a polarization-modulator-based frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) was proposed.
Abstract: We propose and demonstrate a flexible optical clock recovery scheme using a polarization-modulator-based frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). The proposed system can extract both prescaled clock and line-rate clock from a degraded high-speed digital signal using only low-frequency devices. A simple theory is developed to study the physical basis of the optical clock recovery. The OEO operation from a free-running mode to an injection-locking mode is investigated. The locking range is quantitatively predicted. An experiment is then implemented to verify the proposed scheme. A prescaled clock at 10 GHz and a line-rate clock at 20 GHz are successfully extracted from a degraded 20 Gb/s optical time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) signal. The locking range and the phase noise performance are also experimentally investigated. Clock recovery from data signals that have no explicit subharmonic tone is also achieved. The proposed system can be modified to extract prescaled clock and line-rate clock from 160 Gb/s data signal using all 40-GHz devices.
75 citations
01 Aug 2009
TL;DR: A general model for injection-locked LC oscillators (LC-ILOs) is presented that is valid for any tank quality factor and injection strength and important properties of an ILO such as lock-range, phase shift, bandwidth and response to input jitter are described.
Abstract: A general model for injection-locked LC oscillators (LC-ILOs) is presented that is valid for any tank quality factor and injection strength. Important properties of an ILO such as lock-range, phase shift, bandwidth and response to input jitter are described. An LC-ILO together with a half-rate data sampler is implemented as a forwarded-clock I/O receiver in 45-nm CMOS. A strongly-injected low-Q LC oscillator enables clock deskew across 1UI and rejects high-frequency clock jitter. The complete 27 Gb/s ILO-based data receiver has an overall power efficiency of 1.6 mW/Gb/s.
68 citations
TL;DR: The first observation of excitable pulses near the locking boundaries for both positive and negative detuning is reported, indicating locking via a saddle-node bifurcation for both signs of the detuning.
Abstract: An experimental study of the dynamics of a single-mode quantum-dot semiconductor laser undergoing optical injection is described for the first time, to our knowledge. In particular, the first observation of excitable pulses near the locking boundaries for both positive and negative detuning is reported, indicating locking via a saddle-node bifurcation for both signs of the detuning. The phase evolution of the slave electric-field during pulsing was measured and confirmed that the pulses result from 2pi phase slips. The interpulse-time statistics were analyzed, and a Kramers-like distribution was obtained.
60 citations
19 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The Generalized Adler's equation applicable for injection locking analysis on oscillators independent of the circuit topology is presented and the procedure is considerably simple and handy to determine the locking range for arbitrary shape small AC injection signal.
Abstract: Injection locking analysis based on classical Adler's equation is limited to LC oscillators as it is dependent on quality factor. In this paper, we present the Generalized Adler's equation applicable for injection locking analysis on oscillators independent of the circuit topology. The equation is obtained by averaging the PPV phase macromodel. The procedure is considerably simple and handy to determine the locking range for arbitrary shape small AC injection signal. Analytical equations for injection locking dynamics are formulated using the Generalized Adler's equation and validated with the PPV simulations.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a typical semiconductor laser is used as the conversion unit, where no pump or probe laser is necessary, and the frequency shift can be continuously tuned by controlling the level or frequency of the injection.
Abstract: When a semiconductor laser is subject to optical injection, it can enter the period-one dynamics through Hopf bifurcation. Under such nonlinear dynamics, equally and oppositely frequency-shifted optical signals from the injection emerge and are utilized for frequency conversion. Only a typical semiconductor laser is required as the conversion unit, where no pump or probe laser is necessary. The frequency shift can be continuously tuned by controlling the level or frequency of the injection. A bit-error ratio down to 10−12 is observed with no or a slight power penalty for amplitude, frequency, and phase modulation at 2.5 Gbits/s, suggesting modulation format transparency of the system. Frequency down-, no-, and upconversion can be simultaneously achieved and individually selected, increasing the flexibility and reconfigurability of the system.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an optically injection-locked OEO (OIL-OEO) enables a stable optoelectronic oscillation by converting an optical signal to an electrical signal through a long optical fiber loop.
Abstract: In this paper, optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) are demonstrated by using direct-modulated edge-emitting lasers under strong optical injection. The optically injection-locked OEO (OIL-OEO) enables a stable optoelectronic oscillation by converting an optical signal to an electrical signal through a long optical fiber loop. Low RF threshold gain of 7 dB for loop oscillation is attained by utilizing the cavity resonance amplification of an injection-locked semiconductor laser. We investigated both the open- and closed-loop characteristics of the OIL-OEO link by varying the injection locking parameters. Using this novel technique with optimized locking parameters, a 20-GHz RF signal with a phase noise of -123 dBc/Hz is successfully achieved without sophisticated frequency or temperature stabilization.
53 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents the design, analysis, and characterization of a low-power, low-phase-noise, phase-tunable injection-coupled LC quadrature oscillator (PTIC-QVCO), a superharmonically coupled VCO that is driven to its optimum phase noise performance via a frequency doubler.
Abstract: This paper presents the design, analysis, and characterization of a low-power, low-phase-noise, phase-tunable injection-coupled LC quadrature oscillator (PTIC-QVCO). Two LC VCOs are superharmonically coupled in quadrature phase via a frequency doubler that injects a synchronizing signal at the common source node of the negative transconductor stage. Conceptual and analytical models of the circuit are introduced to derive the conditions for quadrature operation and examine the circuit parameters affecting the phase imbalance due to mismatched VCOs. Additionally, a tunable tail filter (TTF) is incorporated to calibrate the residual quadrature imbalance in presence of a 3-sigma variation in the device parameters and drive the oscillator to its optimum phase noise performance. To validate the proposed approach, measurements have been carried out on a 9 GHz prototype implemented in a 0.18 mum RF CMOS process. With core current consumption of 5 mA at 1.8 V supply voltage, the circuit achieves a measured phase noise figure-of-merit ranging from 177.3 to 182.6 dBc/Hz at 3 MHz offset along the 9.0 to 9.6 GHz frequency tuning range. Quadrature phase correction of plusmn110 at 9 GHz is demonstrated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) integrated with an injection-locked frequency multiplier (ILFM) that generates the V-band output signal is proposed.
Abstract: In this paper, a novel CMOS phase-locked loop (PLL) integrated with an injection-locked frequency multiplier (ILFM) that generates the V-band output signal is proposed. Since the proposed ILFM can generate the fifth-order harmonic frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) output, the operational frequency of the VCO can be reduced to only one-fifth of the desired frequency. With the loop gain smaller than unity in the ILFM, the output frequency range of the proposed PLL is from 53.04 to 58.0 GHz. The PLL is designed and fabricated in 0.18-mum CMOS technology. The measured phase noises at 1- and 10-MHz offset from the carrier are -85.2 and -90.9 dBc/Hz, respectively. The reference spur level of -40.16 dBc is measured. The dc power dissipation of the fabricated PLL is 35.7 mW under a 1.8-V supply. It can be seen that the advantages of lower power dissipation and similar phase noise can be achieved in the proposed PLL structure. It is suitable for low-power and high-performance V-band applications.
TL;DR: In this article, a low-phase noise quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) was proposed, which consists of two differential complementary Colpitts VCOs with a tail inductor.
Abstract: This paper presents a new low phase noise quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO), which consists of two differential complementary Colpitts voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) with a tail inductor The output of the tail inductor in one differential VCO is injected to the bodies of the nMOSFETs in the other differential VCO and vice versa The proposed CMOS QVCO has been implemented with the TSMC 018 mum CMOS technology and the die area is 0725 times 0839 mm2 At the supply voltage of 11 V, the total power consumption is 99 mW The free-running frequency of the QVCO is tunable from 526 GHz to 5477 GHz as the tuning voltage is varied from 00 V to 11 V The measured phase noise at 1 MHz frequency offset is -12436 dBc/Hz at the oscillation frequency of 544 GHz and the figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed QVCO is -1891 dBc/Hz
TL;DR: In this article, the injection locking bistability of a specially engineered two-color semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser was studied and the associated bifurcation structure was described.
Abstract: We study the injection locking bistability of a specially engineered two-color semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser. Oscillation in the uninjected primary mode leads to a bistability of single mode and two-color equilibria. With pulsed modulation of the injected power we demonstrate an all-optical memory element based on this bistability, where the uninjected primary mode is switched with 35 dB intensity contrast. Using experimental and theoretical analysis, we describe the associated bifurcation structure, which is not found in single mode systems with optical injection.
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) that employs a polarization modulator (PolM) for realizing prescaled optical clock recovery and 1 : 2 serial-to-parallel conversion of optical data signals.
Abstract: This paper demonstrates a new type of an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) that employs a polarization modulator (PolM) for realizing prescaled optical clock recovery and 1 : 2 serial-to-parallel conversion of optical data signals. By injecting the 40-Gb/s return-to-zero data signals along with the continuous-wave light, the PolM-OEO generates the 20-GHz clock and two 20-Gb/s data streams simultaneously. The OEO is based on the concept of the regenerative frequency divider, which ensures stable injection-locked operation at 20 GHz even in the absence of subharmonic tones in the input signal. The PolM-OEO is applicable to all-optical modulation format conversion from on-off keying to quadrature phase shift keying by combining it with a cross-phase modulation-based wavelength converter.
TL;DR: A Y-branch integrated dual wavelength laser diode is fabricated for optical microwave generation based on the principle of sideband injection locking and beat signal with high spectral purity is obtained by injection locking the slave laser to one of the modulation sidebands.
Abstract: A Y-branch integrated dual wavelength laser diode is fabricated for optical microwave generation based on the principle of sideband injection locking. The device integrates a master laser and a slave laser with associated Y-branch coupler. By directly modulating the master laser near its relaxation resonance frequency, multiple sidebands are generated due to enhanced modulation nonlinearity. Beat signal with high spectral purity is obtained by injection locking the slave laser to one of the modulation sidebands. A millimeter-wave carrier of 42-GHz with a phase noise of −94.6 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset is demonstrated.
TL;DR: Noise suppression of the microwave frequency comb relative to the injected regular pulsing state is investigated and microwave frequency combs with broad bandwidths and low nonharmonic spurious noise are demonstrated experimentally.
Abstract: Microwave frequency combs are generated by optically injecting a semiconductor laser (slave) with repetitive pulses from an optoelectronic feedback laser (master). By varying the delay time, regular pulsing states with different pulsing frequencies are generated in the master laser. The pulsing output is then optically injected into the slave laser to produce desired microwave frequency combs. Microwave frequency combs with broad bandwidths and low nonharmonic spurious noise are demonstrated experimentally. To analyze their stabilities and spectral purities, single-sideband phase noise of each microwave frequency comb line is measured. Noise suppression of the microwave frequency comb relative to the injected regular pulsing state is also investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the system application of optical injection-locked VCSELs to future optical networks by realizing multifunctional operation using a filter-assisted OIL-VCSEL scheme that can be reconfigured.
Abstract: In this paper, we extend the system application of optical injection-locked (OIL) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) to future optical networks by realizing multifunctional operation using a filter-assisted OIL-VCSEL scheme that can be reconfigured. By using a single chirp-adjustable injection-locked VCSEL (either single mode or multimode) followed by a tunable delay line interferometer, we experimentally demonstrate three functions, showing ultra-wide band (UWB) monocycle generation, nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) to pseudoreturn-to-zero (PRZ) data format conversion, and NRZ-data clock recovery at 10 Gb/s.
TL;DR: It is shown that such closed-form expression accurately predicts frequency shift under weak pulling, quasi-lock, as well as locked conditions, and an estimation of the main spectrum components of the pulled response is also derived.
Abstract: This paper presents a hybrid numerical-analytical approach to evaluate and quantify injection pulling effects in RF oscillators. The method employs the Floquet nu1(t) eigenvector to project the perturbation signal into the phase domain. An original closed-form expression for the frequency shift induced by small-signal harmonic perturbations is derived. It is shown that such closed-form expression accurately predicts frequency shift under weak pulling, quasi-lock, as well as locked conditions. An estimation of the main spectrum components of the pulled response is also derived. The proposed macromodeling approach has the peculiarity to be applicable to any oscillator topology.
Proceedings Article•
16 Jun 2009TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a quad-channel, 6.4-8Gbps serial link receiver testchip using a global forwarded clock distribution coupled to local injection-locked ring oscillators in 90nm CMOS.
Abstract: This paper describes a quad-channel, 6.4–8Gbps serial link receiver testchip using a global forwarded clock distribution coupled to local injection-locked ring oscillators in 90nm CMOS. Each receiver consists of a low-power linear equalizer, four offset-cancelled quantizers for 1:4 demultiplexing, and an injection-locked ring oscillator for greater than one UI of phase deskew. Measured results show a 6.4–7.2Gbps data rate with BER ≪ 10−15 across 10cm of FR4 backplane, and 8.0Gpbs data rate with direct input. Designed in a 1.2V, 90nm CMOS process, the area of each receiver is 0.0174mm2, with a measured power efficiency of 0.6mW/Gbps.
29 May 2009
TL;DR: This paper presents complete analysis and validation of subharmonic injection locking that can substantially reduce the PLL phase noise at negligible cost and demonstrates 149 and 85fsrms jitter while consuming 38 and 105mW, respectively.
Abstract: High-speed low-noise clocks are essential in numerous applications. In this paper, complete analysis and validation of subharmonic injection locking that can substantially reduce the PLL phase noise at negligible cost is presented. Two 20GHz PLLs based on this technique demonstrate 149 and 85fs rms jitter while consuming 38 and 105mW, respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the injection locking properties of two commercially available 1550-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSELs) subject to parallel and orthogonal-polarized optical injection into the two polarizations of the fundamental mode.
Abstract: The injection locking properties of two commercially available 1550-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been analyzed experimentally and theoretically in this work. The injection locking diagrams in the plane of frequency detuning versus injected power have been experimentally measured for both devices subject to parallel- and orthogonal-polarized optical injection into the two polarizations of the fundamental mode. Differences in the injection locking bandwidth are experimentally observed when the devices are subject to parallel or to orthogonal-polarized optical injection. A theoretical model based on the Fabry-Perot method has been developed to reproduce the measured stability maps of both 1550-nm VCSELs subject to parallel-polarized optical injection into the parallel polarization lasing mode showing excellent agreement between theory and experiments.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied magnetization dynamics in spin-transfer devices subject to DC and microwave injected currents and showed that phase locking is hysteretic at sufficiently large ac currents.
Abstract: We study magnetization dynamics in spin-transfer devices subject to DC and microwave injected currents. When the frequency of the injected current is sufficiently close to the self-oscillation frequency of the device, phase-locking occurs. This phenomenon is theoretically studied by using Landau-Lifshitz equation with Slonczewski spin-torque term. By exploiting separation of time scales and using averaging technique, we derive equations which are applicable to the study of phase-locking for arbitrary large magnetization motion. The stability diagram in the (detuning, ac current)-plane is determined and it is shown that phase locking is hysteretic at sufficiently large ac currents.
TL;DR: The nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected semiconductor laser are explored for radio-over-fiber uplink transmission and Microwave PSK to optical PSK is achieved at the double-locked laser, which allows all-optical demodulation without any high-speed microwave electronics.
Abstract: The nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected semiconductor laser are explored for radio-over-fiber uplink transmission. Under optical injection locking, the laser at the base station is operated in the period-one oscillation state, where its intensity oscillates at a tunable microwave frequency. When the oscillation is tuned to the subcarrier frequency, it is further locked by the uplink microwave signal. By simply using an ordinary 2.5-Gbps-grade semiconductor laser, uplink transmission of the phase-shift keying (PSK) signal at a subcarrier of 16 GHz with bit-error rate of less than 10−11 is demonstrated experimentally. Microwave PSK to optical PSK is achieved at the double-locked laser, which allows all-optical demodulation without any high-speed microwave electronics.
TL;DR: In this paper, experimental and modeling results on the nonlinear dynamics of a resonant-tunneling-diode-based (RTD) optoelectronic circuits that can be used as the basis of a wireless/optical interface for wireless access networks are reported.
Abstract: We report on experimental and modeling results on the nonlinear dynamics of a resonant-tunneling-diode-based (RTD) optoelectronic circuits that can be used as the basis of a wireless/optical interface for wireless access networks. The RTD-based circuits are optoelectronic integrated circuits that have negative differential resistance and act as optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillators. These circuits display many of the features of classic nonlinear dynamics, including chaos and synchronization. These highly nonlinear oscillators behaves as injection-locked oscillators that can be synchronized by a small injection signal of either wireless or optical origin, and thus, can transfer phase encoded information from wireless to the optical domain or the optical to the wireless domain.
Patent•
01 Jul 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a local oscillator communicates a signal of relatively low frequency across an integrated circuit to the location of a mixer, near the mixer, a frequency-multiplying SubHarmonically Injection-Locked Oscillator (SHILO) receives the signal and generates therefrom a higher frequency signal.
Abstract: A local oscillator communicates a signal of relatively low frequency across an integrated circuit to the location of a mixer. Near the mixer, a frequency-multiplying SubHarmonically Injection-Locked Oscillator (SHILO) receives the signal and generates therefrom a higher frequency signal. If the SHILO outputs I and Q quadrature signals, then the I and Q signals drive the mixer. If the SHILO does not generate quadrature signals, then a quadrature generating circuit receives the SHILO output signal and generates therefrom I and Q signals that drive the mixer. In one advantageous aspect, the frequency of the signal communicated over distance from the local oscillator to the SHILO is lower than the frequency of the I and Q signals that drive the mixer locally. Reducing the frequency of the signal communicated over distance can reduce power consumption of the LO signal distribution system by more than fifty percent as compared to conventional systems.
TL;DR: In this article, a 0.8-V CMOS coupling current-mode injection-locked frequency divider (CCMILFD) with 19.5% locking range and a current-injection currentmode logic (CICML) frequency dividers have been designed and fabricated using 0.13mum 1p8m CMOS technology.
Abstract: A 0.8-V CMOS coupling current-mode injection-locked frequency divider (CCMILFD) with 19.5% locking range and a current-injection current-mode logic (CICML) frequency divider have been designed and fabricated using 0.13-mum 1p8m CMOS technology. In the proposed CCMILFD, the current-mode technique to minimize the loss of input signals and the coupling circuit to enlarge the phase response have been designed to increase the locking range. The locking range of the fabricated CCMILFD is 4.1 GHz with a power consumption of 1.51 mW from a power supply of 0.8 V. In the proposed CICML frequency divider, the current-injection interface is applied to the current inputs to make the circuit operated at a higher frequency with low power consumption under a low voltage supply. The operation frequency of the fabricated CICML frequency divider can divide the frequency range from CCMILFD and consume 1.89 mW from a 0.8-V voltage supply. The chip core areas of the CCMILFD and CICML frequency divider without pads are 0.23 and 0.015 mm2, respectively. The proposed circuits can be operated in a low supply voltage with the advantages of a wider locking range, a higher operation frequency, and lower power consumption.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the three erbium-doped fiber lasers under mutual injection locking and coherent beam combining was analyzed, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical results.
TL;DR: In this article, the satellite mode of a long-wavelength VCSEL was used to obtain a 1.3-mum cutoff frequency with injection-locking spectra with variable injection powers and variable detuning values.
Abstract: Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-by-VCSEL optical injection locking to obtain high cutoff frequencies of 1.3-mum VCSELs is demonstrated. A detailed physical explanation of the underlying mechanism is presented. VCSELs from the same wafer have been used in a master-follower configuration. Two probe stations are used in this experiment to power-up two VCSELs simultaneously. Polarization insensibility of the injection locking is demonstrated and a novel architecture is proposed to achieve cutoff frequency doubling. For the first time, a high cutoff frequency is achieved through optically injection locking the satellite mode of a long wavelength VCSEL. Injection-locking spectra with variable injection powers and variable detuning values have been obtained and methods have been proposed to obtain high cutoff and/or resonance frequencies. A rate-equation-based model is presented. Simulations have been carried out using this model. Finally, a linear increases in the follower VCSEL cutoff frequency with increasing injected power is demonstrated by using a semiconductor optical amplifier.