Topic
Insulin
About: Insulin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 124295 publications have been published within this topic receiving 5129734 citations. The topic is also known as: human insulin.
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TL;DR: These results are the first to prospectively evaluate the longitudinal changes in maternal carbohydrate metabolism from the time before conception through late gestation with newer methods such as the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.
616 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that maternal obesity creates a significant risk for the next generations with metabolic compromise already apparent at birth, and if prevention of obesity is the goal rather than treatment, the perinatal period may be an important focus of future research.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Offspring of obese mothers have an increased risk for obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetuses of obese women have increased obesity, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation, supporting the concept of fetal programming. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-three lean and 68 obese women with singleton term pregnancies were evaluated at elective cesarean delivery. Maternal and umbilical cord blood was obtained for measures of insulin resistance and cytokines. Neonatal body composition was estimated using anthropometric measurements within 24 h of delivery. RESULTS The fetuses of obese mothers had greater percent body fat (13.1 ± 3.4 vs. 11.6 ± 2.9%, P = 0.02), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (1.51 ± 0.86 vs. 1.06 ± 0.70, P = 0.003), cord leptin (14.5 ± 13.5 vs. 8.2 ± 4.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001), and interleukin-6 (3.5 ± 2.3 vs. 2.4 ± 1.4 pg/ml, P = 0.02) than fetuses of lean women. There was a strong positive correlation between fetal adiposity and insulin resistance ( r = 0.32, P = 0.0008) as well as maternal pregravid BMI and fetal insulin resistance ( r = 0.31, P = 0.007) even with adjustment for potential confounders. Cord leptin had a significant correlation with fetal insulin resistance ( r = 0.30, P = 0.001), but there was no significant correlation between any other umbilical cord cytokines and fetal insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that maternal obesity creates a significant risk for the next generations with metabolic compromise already apparent at birth. Therefore, if prevention of obesity is the goal rather than treatment, the perinatal period may be an important focus of future research.
615 citations
TL;DR: A significant association between HOMA-IR and risk of CVD after adjustment for multiple covariates is found, however, additional studies are required, particularly among women and minority populations.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE —The prospective association between insulin levels and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as insulin levels, with risk of nonfatal and fatal CVD over the 8-year follow-up of the San Antonio Heart Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Between 1984 and 1988, randomly selected Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white residents of San Antonio participated in baseline examinations that included fasting blood samples for glucose, insulin, and lipids, a glucose tolerance test, anthropometric measurements, and a lifestyle questionnaire. Between 1991 and 1996, 2,569 subjects who were free of diabetes at baseline were reexamined using the same protocol. RESULTS —Over the follow-up period, 187 subjects experienced an incident cardiovascular event (heart attack, stroke, heart surgery, angina, or CVD death). Logistic regression analysis indicated that risk of a CVD event increased across quintiles of HOMA-IR after adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity ( P for trend P for trend 0.02; quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.05–3.59). Furthermore, there were no significant interactions between HOMA-IR and ethnicity, sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance versus normal glucose tolerance), or obesity. The magnitude and direction of the relationship between insulin concentration and incident CVD were similar. CONCLUSIONS —We found a significant association between HOMA-IR and risk of CVD after adjustment for multiple covariates. The topic remains controversial, however, and additional studies are required, particularly among women and minority populations.
614 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Vanadium compounds act in an insulin-mimetic fashion both in vitro and in vivo as discussed by the authors and have been shown to lower plasma glucose levels, increase peripheral glucose uptake, improve insulin sensitivity, decrease plasma lipid levels, and normalize liver enzyme activities in a variety of animal models of both type I and type II diabetes.
Abstract: That vanadium compounds act in an insulin-mimetic fashion both in vitro and in vivo has been well established. Both inorganic and organic vanadium compounds have been shown to lower plasma glucose levels, increase peripheral glucose uptake, improve insulin sensitivity, decrease plasma lipid levels, and normalize liver enzyme activities in a variety of animal models of both type I and type II diabetes. Vanadium treatment of diabetic animals does not restore plasma insulin levels but may spare pancreatic insulin. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action and potentiation of vanadium's insulin-mimetic effect by appropriate ligand binding would seem to be the highest priorities for future investigation.
614 citations
TL;DR: Induction of SOCS-3 in liver may be an important mechanism of IL-6-mediated insulin resistance, as demonstrated by the demonstrated inhibition of insulin signaling in hepatocytes.
614 citations