Topic
Insulin
About: Insulin is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 124295 publications have been published within this topic receiving 5129734 citations. The topic is also known as: human insulin.
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TL;DR: Normalisation of both beta cell function and hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes was achieved by dietary energy restriction alone, and was associated with decreased pancreatic and liver triacylglycerol stores.
Abstract: Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is regarded as inevitably progressive, with irreversible beta cell failure. The hypothesis was tested that both beta cell failure and insulin resistance can be reversed by dietary restriction of energy intake. Methods Eleven people with type 2 diabetes (49.5± 2.5 years, BMI 33.6±1.2 kg/m 2 , nine male and two female) were studied before and after 1, 4 and 8 weeks of a 2.5 MJ (600 kcal)/day diet. Basal hepatic glucose output, hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and beta cell function were measured. Pancreas and liver triacylglycerol content was measured using three-point Dixon magnetic resonance imaging. An age-, sex- and weight-matched group of eight non-diabetic participants was studied. Results After 1 week of restricted energy intake, fasting plasma glucose normalised in the diabetic group (from 9.2± 0.4 to 5.9±0.4 mmol/l; p=0.003). Insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output improved from 43±4% to 74±5% (p= 0.003 vs baseline; controls 68±5%). Hepatic triacylglycerol content fell from 12.8±2.4% in the diabetic group to 2.9± 0.2% by week 8 (p=0.003). The first-phase insulin response increased during the study period (0.19±0.02 to 0.46± 0.07 nmol min �1 m �2 ; p<0.001) and approached control
962 citations
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TL;DR: Predicting insulin sensitivity and insulin release with reasonable accuracy from simple demographic parameters and values obtained during an OGTT is possible and should be used in various clinical settings in which the use of clamps or the minimal model would be impractical.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has often been used to evaluate apparent insulin release and insulin resistance in various clinical settings. However, because insulin sensitivity and insulin release are interdependent, to what extent they can be predicted from an OGTT is unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied insulin sensitivity using the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and insulin release using the hyperglycemic clamp in 104 nondiabetic volunteers who had also undergone an OGTT. Demographic parameters (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, age) and plasma glucose and insulin values from the OGTT were subjected to multiple linear regression to predict the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of glucose, the insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and first-phase (1st PH) and second-phase (2nd PH) insulin release as measured with the respective clamps. RESULTS: The equations predicting MCR and ISI contained BMI, insulin (120 min), and glucose (90 min) and were highly correlated with the measured MCR (r = 0.80, P
962 citations
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TL;DR: An insulin-secreting cell clone is obtained from undifferentiated ES cells using a cell-trapping system and opens new possibilities for tissue transplantation in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and offers an alternative to gene therapy.
Abstract: Embryonic stem (ES) cells display the ability to differentiate in vitro into a variety of cell lineages. Using a cell-trapping system, we have obtained an insulin-secreting cell clone from undifferentiated ES cells. The construction used allows the expression of a neomycin selection system under the control of the regulatory regions of the human insulin gene. The chimeric gene also contained a hygromycin resistance gene (pGK-hygro) to select transfected cells. A resulting clone (IB/3x-99) containing 16.5 ng/microg protein of total insulin displays regulated hormone secretion in vitro in the presence of various secretagogues. Clusters obtained from this clone were implanted (1 x 10(6) cells) in the spleen of streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. Transplanted animals correct hyperglycemia within 1 week and restore body weight in 4 weeks. Whereas an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test showed a slower recovery in transplanted versus control mice, blood glucose normalization after a challenge meal was similar. This approach opens new possibilities for tissue transplantation in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and offers an alternative to gene therapy.
960 citations
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TL;DR: It is suggested that concepts of teratogensis should be expanded to include alterations occurring subsequent to organogenesis during the differentiation and proliferation of fetal cells that could cause long-range effects upon behavioral, anthropometric, and metabolic functions.
Abstract: A profile characteristic of fuel economy in the mother during normal pregnancy has been delineated. The evidence indicates that pregnancy changes the metabolism of every class of foodstuff. The mechanisms by which the conceptus may be implicated are reviewed. The gestational interactions create a pattern of “accelerated starvation” whenever food is withheld, especially in late pregnancy, and they tend to “facilitate anabolism” when food is ingested. The consequent heightened metabolic oscillations during the shuttlings from fed to fasted state provide a basis for more aggressive therapy with exogenous insulin when endogenous insulin is lacking in pregnancy. It is emphasized that developing fetal structures may be exquisitely attuned to fine alterations in maternal fuel economy and that pregnancy complicated by diabetes may merely exaggerate these normal dependencies since maternal insulin affects all maternal fuels. The manifest changes in the offspring of mothers with. even the mildest limitations in insulin reserve, i.e., gestational diabetes, attest to the sensitivity of the relationships. It is suggested that concepts of teratogensis should be expanded to include alterations occurring subsequent to organogenesis during the differentiation and proliferation of fetal cells. Such changes could cause long-range effects upon behavioral, anthropometric, and metabolic functions. It is hypothesized that all of these could constitute expressions of fuel-mediated teratogenesis and that the potentialities should be incorporated into any evaluation of the outcome of pregnancy in gestations attended by disturbances in maternal fuel metabolism.
958 citations
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TL;DR: Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2) : effects on mortality and morbidity.
Abstract: Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2) : effects on mortality and morbidity.
957 citations