Topic

# Intensity (heat transfer)

About: Intensity (heat transfer) is a(n) research topic. Over the lifetime, 7684 publication(s) have been published within this topic receiving 85856 citation(s). The topic is also known as: intensity.

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Journal Article
Abstract: An extension is made to Lighthill's general theory of aerodynamic sound, so as to incorporate the influence of solid boundaries upon the sound field. This influence is twofold, namely (i) reflexion and diffraction of the sound waves at the solid boundaries, and (ii) a resultant dipole field at the solid boundaries which are the limits of Lighthill's quadrupole distribution. It is shown that these effects are exactly equivalent to a distribution of dipoles, each representing the force with which unit area of solid boundary acts upon the fluid. A dimensional analysis shows that the intensity of the sound generated by the dipoles should at large distances x be of the general form I$\propto$ $\rho \_{0}$ U$\_{0}^{6}$a$\_{0}^{-3}$ L$^{2}$x$^{-2}$, where U$\_{0}$ is a typical velocity of the flow, L is a typical length of the body, a$\_{0}$ is the velocity of sound in fluid at rest and $\rho \_{0}$ is the density of the fluid at rest. Accordingly, these dipoles should be more efficient generators of sound than the quadrupoles of Lighthill's theory if the Mach number is small enough. It is shown that the fundamental frequency of the dipole sound is one half of the frequency of the quadrupole sound.

Topics: Speed of sound (52%),

1,628 Citations

Journal Article
S. H. Autler1, Charles H. Townes1Institutions (1)
15 Oct 1955-Physical Review
Abstract: A method is developed for calculating the effects of a strong oscillating field on two states of a quantum-mechanical system which are connected by a matrix element of the field. Explicit approximate solutions are obtained for a variety of special cases, and the results of numerical computations are given for others. The effect of an rf field on the $J=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ $l$-type doublet microwave absorption lines of OCS has been studied in particular both experimentally and theoretically. Each line was observed to split into two components when the frequency of the rf field was near 12.78 Mc or 38.28 Mc, which are the frequencies separating the $J=1$ and $J=2$ pairs of levels, respectively. By measuring the rf frequency, ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{0}$, at which the microwave lines are split into two equally intense components, one may determine the separation between the energy levels. The measured value of ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{0}$ depends upon the intensity of the rf field and the form of this dependence has been calculated and found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.

Topics: , Stark effect (52%), Field (physics) (51%) ...read more

1,232 Citations

Journal Article
Abstract: Experiments on the angular intensity distribution of x‐rays scattered by porous materials (hole structures) in the range of small angles are described. It is shown that the scattering can be characterized by an exponential correlation function in the case of a distribution of holes of random shape and size in solid; a theoretical derivation of the exponential function is given for this case. When the correlation function is an exponential, the rule holds that the reciprocal square root of the scattered intensity is a linear function of the square of the scattering angle. The specific surface of the material is determined by the slope of this straight line. Specific surfaces of a number of compositions are calculated from their experimental correlation functions and compared to surfaces based on adsorption measurements.

Topics: , Exponential function (57%),  ...read more

1,116 Citations

Journal Article
Howard R. Reiss1, Howard R. Reiss2Institutions (2)
01 Nov 1980-Physical Review A
Abstract: The approximation method introduced by Keldysh is revised and extended. The technique is applicable to the photodetachment by a plane-wave field of an electron bound by a short-range potential. The approximation is to neglect the effect of the binding potential as compared to the field effects on the final state of the detached electron. By choice of a different gauge than that used by Keldysh, the formalism becomes very simple and tractable. A general basis for the formalism is developed, and it is then applied to find transition probabilities for any order of interaction for both linearly and circularly polarized plane-wave fields. The low-intensity, first-order limit and the high-intensity, high-order limit yield the correct results. Two intensity parameters are identified. The fundamental one is $z=\frac{{e}^{2}{a}^{2}}{4m\ensuremath{\omega}}$, where $a$ is the magnitude of the vector potential (in radiation gauge) of the field of circular frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. The second parameter is ${z}_{1}=\frac{2z\ensuremath{\omega}}{{E}_{B}}$, where ${E}_{B}$ is binding energy, and it becomes important only in the asymptotic case. With the assumption that the field leaves the neutral atomic core relatively unaffected, the formalism is applied to the example of the negative hydrogen ion irradiated by circularly or linearly polarized 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m radiation. Photodetachment angular distributions and total transition probabilities are examined for explicit intensity effects. It is found that total transition probability $W$ is not sensitive to intensity since $\frac{d(logW)}{d}$ ($logz$) retains low-intensity straight-line behavior up to quite high values of $z$. An important intensity effect is the major significance of higher-than-lowest-order terms when $z$ is large, especially for circular polarization. A sensitive indicator of intensity is the ratio of photodetachment probabilities in circularly and linearly polarized fields, which increases sharply with intensity. An investigation of the convergence of perturbation expansions gives the upper limit $zl[\frac{{E}_{B}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}]\ensuremath{-}\frac{{E}_{B}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$, where the square bracket means "smallest integer containing" the quantity in brackets. This limit is $zl0.59$ for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m radiation. The failure of perturbation theory is not necessarily manifest in qualitative ways. For example, it is not apparent in total photoelectron yield as a function of intensity.

Topics: Order (ring theory) (64%),

1,047 Citations

Journal Article
Timothy R. Oke1Institutions (1)
Abstract: A simple hardware scale model is used to simulate nocturnal cooling rates for rural and urban environments under calm and cloudless conditions. Comparison with field observations gathered under similar conditions shows the model capable of reproducing many of the features of the temporal development of urban heat islands and the long-wave radiative exchange in urban canyons. The model is used to investigate the roles played by rural/urban differences in geometry and thermal admittance. The results of the experiments show that canyon geometry in the central portion of a city (as measured by the sky view factor) is a relevant variable in producing nocturnal urban heat islands due to its role in regulating long-wave radiative heat loss. It is also demonstrated that this measure is central to the relationship between city size and heat island intensity. The importance of canyon geometry as a feature of urban design is discussed. Thermal admittance differences can also produce realistic heat island features but their magnitude requires quantification in the field.

Topics: Urban heat island (59%), Canyon (53%),

939 Citations

##### Performance
###### Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202215
2021329
2020375
2019429
2018418
2017362

###### Top Attributes

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Topic's top 5 most impactful authors

S. Sinkunas

8 papers, 6 citations

Viktor I. Terekhov

7 papers, 68 citations

Liang-Bi Wang

6 papers, 153 citations

Barry D. Ganapol

4 papers, 38 citations

Meisam Torab-Mostaedi

4 papers, 112 citations

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