Showing papers on "International relations published in 1990"

Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World

Abstract: Introduction 1. States and quasi-states 2. A new sovereignty regime 3. Sovereignty regimes in history 4. Independence by right 5. Sovereignty and development 6. Sovereign rights versus development 7. Quasi-states and international history Conclusion.

Explaining and Understanding International Relations

Abstract: Two traditions the growth of a discipline explaining understanding the international system the games nations play roles and reasons explaining and understanding.

Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity

Abstract: In this ambitious work a leading scholar undertakes a full-scale reconceptualization of international relations Turbulence in World Politics is an entirely new formulation that accounts for the persistent turmoil of today's world, even as it also probes the impact of the microelectronic revolution, the postindustrial order, and the many other fundamental political, economic, and social changes under way since World War II To develop this formulation, James N Rosenau digs deep into the workings of communities and the orientations of individuals that culminate in collective action on the world stage His concern is less with questions of epistemology and methodology and more with the development of a comprehensive theoryone that is different from other paradigms in the field by virtue of its focus on the tumult in contemporary international relations The book depicts a bifurcation of global politics in which an autonomous multi-centric world has emerged as a competitor of the long established state-centric world A central theme is that the analytic skills of people everywhere are expanding and thereby altering the context in which international processes unfold Rosenau shows how the macro structures of global politics have undergone transformations linked to those at the micro level: long-standing structures of authority weaken, collectivities fragment, subgroups become more powerful at the expense of states and governments, national loyalties are redirected, and new issues crowd onto the global agenda These turbulent dynamics foster the simultaneous centralizing and decentralizing tendencies that are now bifurcating global structures "Rosenau's new work is an imaginative leap into world politics in the twenty-first century There is much here to challenge traditional thought of every persuasion" --Michael Brecher, McGill University

Political Networks: The Structural Perspective

Abstract: 1. Politics in structural perspective 2. Voting and political participation 3. Social movements Nancy Wisely 4. Organizational power Naomi J. Kaufman 5. Community power structures 6. Elites in the nation state 7. International relations Jodi Burmeister-May 8. Toward a structural political economy Appendix References Index.

American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission

Abstract: List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Realist and liberal perspectives 3. Marxist perspectives: the question of hegemony redefined 4. The decline of American hegemony: myth and reality 5. Towards an American-centred transnational hegemony? 6. Private international relations councils 7. Aims, activities, organisation and membership of the trilateral commission 8. Theoretical and practical aspects of the trilateral commission 9. Hegemony, knowledge and the limit of internationalism Appendices Notes Select bibliography Index.

Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations

Abstract: 1. The problem stated and a review of politically applied psychological theory 2. Identification theory - its structure, dynamics and application 3. Nation-building 4. The national identity dynamic and foreign policy 5. Identification and international relations theory 6. Conclusion - appraisal, prescriptions, paradoxes.

Multilateralism: An Agenda for Research

Abstract: Multilateralism can be defined as the practice of co-ordinating national policies in groups of three or more states, through ad hoc arrangements or by means of institutions. Since the end of World War II, multilateralism has become increasingly important in world politics, as manifested in the proliferation of multinational conferences on a bewildering variety of themes and an increase in the number of multilateral intergovernmental organizations from fewer than 100 in 1945 to about 200 by i960 and over 600 by 1980.1 Bilateralism has been revived on some issues in the 1980s, particularly with regard to trade, yet the number and variety of multilateral arrangements continue to increase. In the international relations literature, multilateralism has served as a label for a variety of activities more than as a concept defining a research programme. When a scholar refers to multilateralism, it is not immediately clear what phenomena are to be described and explained. Before we can understand multilateralism, we need to think about how we should conceive of it and

Nationalism and international society

Abstract: What is meant by international society? On what principles is the notion of international society based? How has the notion of nationalism influenced its evolution? In this book James Mayall addresses these questions and sheds important new light on the issues of nation and international society by bringing together subjects that have hitherto been examined separately. Three central themes run throughout the study. First, the challenge posed to previous conceptions of international society and order by the principle of national self-determination. Secondly, the relationship between national and liberal ideas about the organization of political and economic relations between states. And thirdly, the merging of the economic and political aspects of nationalist thought in recent claims by Third World states on the international community.

The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking

Abstract: Introduction 1. Information processing, perception, and misperception 2. The information: attributes and access 3. The decisionmaker: personality and cognition 4. The social milieu: small-group and organizational effects 5. The societal-cultural prism 6. Decisionmakers as practical-intuitive historians: the use and abuse of history 7. Conclusions and policy implications Notes Bibliography Index.

Handbook of war studies

Abstract: Part I Structure-Based Theories of War 1. System structure, decision processes, and the incidence of international war 2. Long cycles and global war 3. Heirachical equilibria and the long-run instability of multipolar systems 4. Power cycle theory of systems structure and stability: commonalities and complementaries 5. The logic and study of the diffusion of international conflict Part II Minimally Dyadic Theories of War 6. The contribution of expected-utility theory to the study of international conflict 7. The power transition: A retrospective and prospective evaluation 8. Arms races, the conflict spiral, the onset of war 9. Richarsonian arms race models Part III State-centered theories of war 10. Public opinion and national security policy: relationships and impacts 11. The diversionary theory of war: a critique 12. Lateral pressure in international relations

Patterns of Dissent and the Celebration of Difference: Critical Social Theory and International Relations

Abstract: The voices of dissent proliferating in international studies over the past decade are frequently understood by negation, that is, in terms of their criticisms and refusals of positivist/empiricist commitments and political realist perspectives, so long dominant in the discipline. To understand contemporary discourses of dissent in this way, however, is to impose upon them an undue semblance of unity of perspective and purpose-one that mirrors the illusory unities of positivism and realism. It is to fail to acknowledge the variety of dissident voices that have called to account the given, axiomatic and taken-for-granted "realities" of prevailing disciplinary discourses. Concentrating upon what might be called the "agenda of dissent" in international studies, this paper celebrates that variety, that difference, among critical voices in international studies. In particular, it locates prominent themes in critical international relations thinking within the wider arc of debates in Western social theory-interdisciplinary, intercontinental debates whose questions include the Enlightenment concepts of history, rationality, and truth; the subject/object and agent/structure oppositions; the relationship between language and social meaning; the relationship between knowledge and power; the character and function of the human sciences; and the prospects for emancipatory politics today. These debates point to no necessary conclusion. They mandate no single position. Instead, they suggest the opening up of "thinking space," a space of thought that is exploited by a variety of dissident voices who would speak in reply to the dangers and opportunities of political life in the late twentieth century.

The changing nature of world power

Abstract: Power in international politics is like the weather. Everyone talks about it, but few understand it. Just as farmers and meteorologists try to forecast storms, so do leaders and analysts try to understand the dynamics of major changes in the distribution of power among nations. Power transitions affect the fortunes of individual nations and are often associated with the cataclysmic storms of world war. But before we can examine theories of hegemonic transition -that is, some of the leading efforts to predict big changes in the international political weather we first need to recognize some basic distinctions among the terms power, balance of power, and hegemony.

Toward a Foucauldian analysis of international regimes

Abstract: The liberal approach to international regimes is attractive in the development of that concept because it deploys a well-developed and rigorous set of analytic devices in the form of rational actor models. However, it also assumes that regimes are benevolent, voluntary, cooperative, and legitimate associations of actors, which unnecessarily limits theregime concept and encourages an ideological and apologetic position with respect to regimes. Following a critique of the liberal approach, this article suggests an alternative based on a fundamental assumption of contestability in regimes. Drawing on the work of Michel Foucault which culminates in the concept of “power/knowledge,” it regards international regimes as attempts to define, order, and act within international public spaces. It also regards international regimes as loci and foci of struggle. Some aspects of this conceptualization are sketched in preliminary form, and a brief illustration in the area of nuclear nonproliferation is provided.

Rules, Norms, and Decisions. On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs

Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Rules, norms, and actions: laying the conceptual foundations 2. Anarchy and the state of nature: the issue of regimes in international relations 3. The emergence of types and forms 4. The force of prescriptions: Hume, Hobbes, Durkheim and Freud on compliance with norms 5. The discourse on grievances: Pufendorf and the 'laws of nature' as constitutive principles for the discursive settlement of disputes 6. The notion of 'right' 7. The question of 'law' 8. The path of legal arguments Conclusion Notes Index.

Systems of States

Abstract: One aspect of international relations which interested Martin Wight particularly was the functioning of what are called systems of states. That has also been an area of my especial interest since the late 50s. It was the focus of the discussions of the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics. The committee was organized in the late fifties to bring, together people from different disciplines, practitioners as well as scholars. Herbert Butterfield and Martin were the founders and guiding spirits of the early years of the committee, and I was one of the original members. It was a collective enterprise: members submitted papers which left as questions those points on which the author did not feel certain of the answers. Martin told me that the most stimulating and interesting work he did during the 60s was writing papers for the committee and taking part in its discussions.

Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations

Abstract: Perhaps the key question of debate among neorealist scholars of international political economy concerns the manner in which cooperation may or may not be secured in the global economic order "after hegemony," a question posed by Robert Keohane. A second broad question of interest to scholars of international politics concerns the manner in which weaker states attempt to influence stronger ones. A conflation of these two questions could cause scholars and practitioners alike to pay closer attention than they have in the past to coalitions of the weak as vehicles for cooperation and regime building in the global political economy.This article offers a case study of one recent exercise in coalition building as an attempt to foster cooperation in a "nonhegemonic" environment. Specifically, it examines the role of the Cairns Group of Fair Trading Nations in its attempts to foster reform in global agricultural trade within the current Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The Cairns Group is shown to be an atypical, single-issue driven, transregional coalition. Led by Australia, the Group's actions represent an interesting exercise in "middle power" politics in a global economic order whose decisionmaking processes are increasingly more fragmented and complex and whose major actors need coaxing toward processes of cooperative economic management.

Kant and the Kantian paradigm in international relations

Abstract: Although few in number and limited in scope, Kant's writings on international relations have had a lasting influence and have given rise to a wide range of interpretations. Kant's famous pamphlet, Perpetual Peace, has been seen as advocating federalism, world government, a League of Nations-type security system and outright pacifism. Underlying much of the debate on Kant lies a divergence over the relationship between what might broadly be called the ‘statist’ and the ‘cosmopolitan’ sides of Kant's writings. On one side, there are those who argue that Kant is primarily concerned with order at the level of interstate relations. Kant, it is argued, did not want to transcend the state system but to improve it. He wanted to subject the international anarchy to law and to find a solution to the problem of war but in a way which would not sacrifice the essential autonomy and independence of states.

The (s)pace of international relations: Simulation, surveillance, and speed

Abstract: Against the neorealist claim that the “reflectivist” or postmodernist approach is a dead-end unless it merges with the “rationalist” conception of research programs, this essay argues that new technological and representational practices in world politics require not synthesis but theoretical heterogeneity to comprehend the rise of chronopolitics over geopolitics. The theoretical approaches of Baudrillard, Foucault, and Virilio are drawn upon to investigate three global forces in particular: simulation, surveillance, and speed. They have eluded the traditional and re-formed delimitations of the international relations field—the geopolitics of realism, structural political economy of neorealism, and neoliberal institutionalism—because their power is more “real” in time than space, it comes from an exchange of signs rather than goods, and it is transparent and diffuse rather than material and discrete. This essay offers an alternative, poststructuralist map to plot how these and other new forces are transforming the traditional boundaries in international relations between self and other, domestic and international, war and peace.

Nuclear Politics: Energy and the State in the United States, Sweden, and France

Abstract: Why did nuclear energy policies in France, Sweden, and the United States, very similar at the time of the oil crisis of 1973 and 1974, diverge so greatly in the following years? In answering this question, James Jasper challenges one of the most popular trends in political analysis: explanations relying exclusively on political and economic structures to account for public policies. Jasper proposes a new cultural and state-centered approach--one heeding not only structural factors but cultural meanings, individual biographies, and elite discretion. Surveying the period from the successful commercialization of light-water-reactor technology in the early 1960s to the present, he explains the events that occurred after 1973: France built even more reactors than it needed, the United States canceled most reactor orders, and Sweden completed planned nuclear plants but decided to phase out nuclear energy by 2010. This work is based on one hundred interviews with managers, policymakers, and activists in the three countries. In addition to providing a unique theoretical perspective, it broadens our understanding of nuclear policy by looking at three countries in depth and over a long historical span. Originally published in 1990. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Interactive Problem-Solving: a Social-psychological Approach to Conflict Resolution

Abstract: Throughout my professional career, one of my main areas of interest has been the social psychology of international relations. This interest has led, in recent years, to intensive involvement in an action research program on the resolution of international conflicts. My primary and nearly all-consuming emphasis has been on the Arab-Israeli conflict, although I have also done some work on other international and intercommunal conflicts, particularly the Cyprus conflict.

The economic limits to modern politics: International liberalism reconsidered

Abstract: World politics both creates opportunities for modern governments and imposes constraints on the range of actions that it is feasible for them to pursue. One way to think about these opportunities and constraints is to analyze the operation of the contemporary international political–military system, or the world political economy, and to consider how these systems affect state action. Much of the modern study of international relations is devoted to this task. Yet another perspective on the impact of world politics on states can be gained by asking how perceptive observers of politics have reflected on these issues in the past. This approach, which looks to the history of political thought for insights into contemporary international affairs, will be pursued here. Although the form and intensity of the constraints and opportunities created by the contemporary world system are different from those in earlier centuries, the impact of international politics and economics on state action has been evident for a long time, and has occasioned a great deal of sophisticated commentary. At some risk of blurring differences between thinkers of broadly similar inclinations, three major Western schools of thought on this subject can be identified: Marxist, realist and liberal. Each has been influential, although it is probably fair to say that realism has been the creed of Continental European statesmen for centuries, and that since World War II it has been predominant in the United States as well.

Conflict : readings in management and resolution

Abstract: Foreword to the Series - Preface to the Series - Acknowledgements - Introduction - PART 1: BEGINNINGS - The Nature of Conflict Q.Wright - Future Directions in Conflict and Peace Studies K.Boulding - PART 2: CRISIS - The International Relations Discipline: Asset or Liability for Conflict Resolution M.Banks - Paradigms in Conflict: The Strategist, the Conflict Researcher and the Peace Researcher A.J.R.Groom - PART 3: ANALYSIS - The Individual, Group and War B.Wedge - Legitimacy and Human Needs P.Sites - Protracted International Conflict: Ten Propositions E.Azar - A Critical Assessment of the Power of Human Needs in World Society J.Rosati, D.Carroll & R.Coate - PART 4: APPLICATION - A Theory of Conflict Resolution by Problem Solving A.de Reuck - Interactive Problem Solving: The Uses and Limits of a Therapeutic Model for Resolution of International Conflicts H.Kelman - Principles of Communication between Adversaries in South Africa H.van Der Merwe et al - Managing Conflict through Small Group Dynamics J.McDonald - PART 5: RESEARCH - What is Science For? M.Clark - Action Research F.Dukes - PART 6: POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS - A Tale of Two Movements: ADR and the Greens C.Slaton & T.Becker - Unanticipated Conflict and the Crisis of Social Theory R.Rubenstein - Unfinished Business in Conflict Resolution J.Burton - Biographies - Annotated Bibliography

Peacekeeping in international politics

Abstract: Introduction: The Nature of Peacekeeping - PART 1: BACK-YARD PROBLEMS - PART 2: CLUBHOUSE TROUBLES - PART 3: NEIGHBOURHOOD QUARRELS - PART 4: HIGH-STREET EMBARRASSMENTS - PART 5: DANGEROUS CROSSROADS - Conclusion: The Use of Peacekeeping - Index

The Problem of Community in International Relations

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the problem of community in international relations. It begins with some brief observations about the nature of state-formation in early modern Europe and proceeds to discuss key philosophical, sociological, and practical questions that have become central to the history of international thought. In their different ways, these questions have raised issues of moral inclusion and exclusion. The recurrent philosophical questions have been concerned with whether or not there is any rationale for the state's inclusion of citizens and exclusion of noncitizens from the moral community. The main sociological questions have focused on whether or not the dominant principles of inclusion and exclusion in the international states system are changing. Questions of practice have raised the issue of whether foreign policy ought to be concerned with these principles or with preventing them from changing. Various schools of thought have endeavored to answer one or more of these questions, but no single perspective has answered all three systematically and successfully. This paper sketches the manner in which a critical form of international theory can develop a distinctive approach to the issues raised above and suggests some new directions for critical international relations theory. The argument of this paper is set out in five sections: First is a discussion of the philosophical, sociological, and practical problems that have long been central to international relations theory. The brief section that follows claims that a critical solution to these problems should recover the project begun in different ways by Kant and Marx. With this in mind, the third section considers some criticisms of ethical universalism and suggests how the defense of a universal community can be developed. The fourth section then suggests some new directions for the sociology of international relations. It argues for a sociology of the

The Garnaut Report: The quality of realism

Abstract: (1990). The Garnaut Report: The quality of realism. Australian Journal of International Affairs: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 21-28.

Issue Linkages in International Crisis Bargaining

Abstract: Students of international relations have long been concerned with questions regarding the impact of issue linkages on bargaining outcomes; unfortunately, the body of theory attempting to provide a systematic and rigorous analysis of issue linkages is woefully underdeveloped. In this study I contribute to the development of this theory with a particular emphasis on accounting for cases in which issue linkage fails in international crisis bargaining. The spatial model of crisis bargaining (which is a formal model constituting a synthesis of the spatial theory of voting and traditional, utility-based bargaining theory) is used to develop a theory of issue linkages and to address a number of points regarding linkage strategy that are found in the literature. After demonstrating how linking issues can affect the outcome of an international crisis, I argue that existing explanations for linkage failure are inadequate. The majority of the paper is devoted to determining what characteristics of the issues involved and of the disputants determine the likelihood that a linkage attempt will be successful. I conclude with a brief discussion relating these results to the literature on crisis management.

Federalism and international relations : the role of subnational units

Abstract: Ivo D. Duchacek: Perforated Sovereignties: towards a typology of new actors in international relations Panayotis Soldatos: An explanatory framework for the study of federated states as foreign policy actors John Kincaid: Constituent diplomacy in federal polities and the nation-state: conflict and co-operation John Ravenhill: Australia Anton Pelinka: Austria Yves Lejeune: Belgium Elliot J. Feldman, & Lily Gardner: Provincial foreign policies and Raison d'Etat Hans J. Michelmann: The Federal Republic of Germany Luzius Wildhaber: Switzerland Earl H. Fry: The United States of America Hans J. Michelmann: Conclusion