Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1970"

Comparison of Influentials in Contemporary American and British Sociology: A Study in the Internationalization of Sociology

Abstract: Sciences, by their very nature, attempt to transcend national boundaries. It is, as William V. Consolazio points out, 'a truism that science is international' (1965: 322). Wilbert Moore has recently suggested that sociology has become 'remarkably international' (1966: 476). Sociology will, according to Moore, increasingly become international because men will increasingly be facing similar problems and finding similar solutions. If sociology, or any other discipline, were to become more international than it presently is we might assume that one way in which this process would be manifest is through an increasing concentration upon the works of a number of men who make fundamental trans-national contributions

The Internationalization of American Business—The Third Industrial Revolution:

Abstract: The revolution in management techniques of the last 15 years has spurred the growth of large international companies of a complexity hitherto unknown. A complete rethinking of traditional views of ...

The Role of Psychic Distance in Internationalization Strategy Evaluations and Strategic Choices

Abstract: This analysis examines views of the term "psychic distance" and its application to the strategic choice process and managerial arrangements in international operations. It offers a background and conceptual framework of psychic distance, which stresses individual experience as part of the process. Individual experience is explored in terms of its components and through the use of information processing models that appear in the marketing literature. Next, applications to strategic management are made with regard to the choice to enter specific international markets, modes of entry selected, and the managerial structures that will be established. INTRODUCTION One major decision facing executives in many companies is in regard to conducting business with or in another country. Such a choice affects activities throughout the organization, while the actual judgements regarding whether to internationalize and how to do so boil down to the conclusions drawn by individual managers. The concept of psychic distance, which appears frequently in the international business literature, applies to a variety of theoretical models that relate to this strategic management concern, especially with regard to internationalization strategies and strategic choice processes. The international business literature suggests that psychic distance influences strategic decision makers as they consider expansion into international markets. It may play a role in strategic decisions about whether or not to pursue international expansion, the choice of entry mode (exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, strategic alliances, wholly owned subsidiaries, acquisitions (minority, majority, total), and greenfield ventures), as well as subsequent levels of international affiliate performance. Although the concept has been in use for many years (Beckermann, 1956) some complain that applications of the concept are unclear (see Shenkar 2001) and the construct has been criticized (Stottinger & Schlegelmilch, 1998). This analysis examines views of the term "psychic distance" and its application to the strategic choice process and managerial arrangements in international operations. The first section provides a background explaining how the psychic distance concept emerged, primarily within the field of the international business, and to a lesser degree, international marketing. A conceptual framework of psychic distance is then offered. The framework stresses individual perceptual processing of psychic distance, both at the national and business levels, through individual experience. Individual experience is explored in terms of its components and through the use of information processing models that appear in the marketing literature. Next, applications to strategic management are made. The final section offers some basic conclusions. BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PSYCHIC DISTANCE Welch and Luostarinen (1988) defined psychic distance "as the sum of factors preventing the flow of information from and to the market" (in Johanson & Vahlne, 1977, p. 23; revised 2009). Another definition of psychic distance suggests it represents "the mind's processing, in terms of perception and understanding, of cultural and business differences" (Evans, Treadgold, & Mavondo, 2000, p.375). Conceptually, psychic distance may be divided into three components: cultural affinity, trust, and individual experience. Cultural affinity includes national level differences, including cultural differences, language, and the legal environment. Trust is a business level (rather than national level) consideration that represents the level of confidence between members of companies in an international business relationship. Personal experience is strongly linked to the initial discussions of psychic distance and becomes an individual, rather than national or business-level consideration. These components led Baack and Baack (2006) to describe the construct in the following manner: Psychic distance may be viewed as the aggregate of national distance and business distance being processed through individual experience. …

Multinational business in a still parochial world

Abstract: The spreading internationalization of business has been one of the more striking developments of the past decade or so. Its significance reaches well beyond mere geographic expansion of sales and earnings. As they have outgrown national boundaries, multinational enterprises have been able to establish business policies and allocate resources more effectively and profitably. Their operations, too, have promoted global economic development and integration and have spread advanced technology and management, as well as much needed capital, throughout the world. Even so, several poorly charted reefs remain on which corporate multinationalism may still founder in the coming decade. While technology and investment become increasingly worldwide in scope, for one thing, the world's politics remain stubbornly (and often emotionally) nationalistic and governments narrowly parochial. No truly denationalized corporation—one with a completely cosmopolitan management—has yet evolved, to be sure. And no matter how far-fl...

Propuesta para la internacionalización de la universidad ecuatoriana en el ámbito de proyectos de investigación

Abstract: Globalization and knowledge have no frontiers. The objective of this article is to develop a proposal for the internationalization of Ecuadorian universities research projects. The aim of this proposal is to achieve universities with international exposure and immersed on research processes. These will nurture them with experiences and knowledge in the benefit of society. Such benefit is crystalized through education and research, which is feasible with agreements, subscriptions, international networking, and formation of researchers that could step up Ecuadorian universities into international rankings in regards to scientific production and research. These rankings improve prestige and positioning. The internationalization of Ecuadorian universities’ research projects is a challenge that requires joint strategies. The universities and the State are both responsible for these strategies and should work in collaboration for a successful implementation.