Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1975"

The internationalization of the firm — four swedish cases

Abstract: Many firms start international operations when they are still comparatively small and gradually develop their operations abroad. This chapter analyses the internationalization of four Swedish firms — Sandvik, Atlas Copco, Facit and Volvo. All of them sell more than two-thirds of their turnover abroad and have production facilities in more than one foreign country. Of the four firms Sandvik is the oldest and also the one which first started its internationalization course. The first contacts with representatives were established in the 1860s. Sandvik's early start with representatives in foreign countries was an innovation at that time. Until then the Swedish iron and steel exporting had mainly been undertaken by trading firms. In 1905 Atlas produced the first air compressor. In 1917 the company was merged with another firm, producing diesel engines. Atlas Copco is five years younger than Sandvik but started the internationalization process considerably later.

Studies in the Theory of International Trade

Abstract: In this book, originally published in 1937, Jacob Viner traces, in a series of studies of contemporary source-material, the evolution of the modern orthodox theory of international trade from its beginnings in the revolt against English mercantilism in the 17th and 18th centuries, through the English currency and tariff controversies of the 19th century, to the late 20th century. The author offers a detailed examination of controversies in the technical literature centering on important propositions of the classical and neo-classical economists relating to the theory of the mechanism of international trade and the theory of gain from trade.

International trade and international relations

Abstract: In the 21 years since the conclusion of the Second World War, a complicated, piecemeal framework of trading arrangements under various international organizations has been created. Now there is concern, internationally and domestically, as to whether this framework is a durable basis for expanded world trade.

The Internationalization of Capital and the Process of Underdevelopment. The Case of Black Africa

Abstract: 1. On the History of Foreign Penetration To assess the impact of foreign investment on the attempts of the young states in Tropical Africa to develop independently a material basis for a self-assertive policy, it is necessary to examine this problem in the context of the historical relations1 between metropolitan and peripheral states. The following question must then be asked: what new dynamics are multinational corporations as main agencies of foreign investment going to implant into these relations? The contemporary structures of underdevelopment have been built up during the century-old relations of dependency which expressed themselves in different forms. In premercantilist times the African continent had highly differentiated social formations and social organizations; the long distance trade played a decisive role in the process of social differentiation and accumulation of wealth. The existing intra-African slave trade, according to available analysis, did not induce the blockade of Africa's capacity for development that emerged together with mercantilist trade relations which totally changed the function of the slave trade. The mercantilist trade of the then dominant powers in Europe (Portugal, Spain, later England) was the main source for the accumulation of wealth that under specific conditions became a key factor in the emergence of the capitalist mode of production. Africa had been ascribed the role of the periphery in this phase: As the Americas had to supply Europe with precious minerals, especially gold and silver, and with specific agricultural products, so Africa had to supply the plantations and mining companies in the Americas with slaves as the necessary labor force. For that purpose, the well known triangular transatlantic trade was set up with all its devastating effects for Africa, that were: depopulation, prevention of productivity increases, and deformation of original cultures and societal structures. When capitalism in the center states eventually came into full shape during the various stages of the Industrial Revolution, the slave trade began to disappear. Its function in the framework of primitive accumulation of wealth had been fulfilled. England, in the forefront of capitalist industrialization built her 'informal Empire' by free trade (see e.g. Gallagher &c Robinson 1953). The period of capitalist monopolization within the centers led in Africa to full colonial conquest and penetration, whereas at the same time in the Americas already different features, including formal political sovereignty, had been emerging. During the colonial period, the artificially partitioned regions of Africa played different roles in the new structure of the international division of labor. In South and East Africa the entire native population was forced by means of 'enclosure acts' to provide the foreign mining company, which had discovered the mineral wealth (gold, diamonds and copper), with the necessary labour. The African social formations in that region were completely geared to functioning as labor reserves. In West Africa, where the slave trade had already shaped the social formations in such a way that even before political conquest production was set up for export to Europe, the typical structures of colonial trade came

Spatial Aspects of Industrial Development in Western Europe: Economic and Political Areas

Abstract: This paper argues that an industrial firm may exist on a regional, national, continental, or world scale. This dimension may be different for market, actual selling space, basic social existence, and plant location.A review of the main industrial sectors in present day Europe shows that most major firms are European-sized for market, circulation of commodities, and plant-location aspects, while they are definitely national for government help and subsidies, and that very often these helps and subsidies are vital for their survival.This contradiction helps to explain the difficulties, hazards, and accidents on the European scene. The internationalization of the economy pushes towards European integration; but the necessities of reproducing the basic conditions of production are dependent on the specific situation in each country: the function of political and ideological reproduction can nowadays be exerted only by national governments. European unification seems to be both necessary and impossible at the ...

IFLA and Library Education.

Abstract: librarians form an international community and depend on each other's work for a common goal: to make knowledge accessible through universal bibliographic control. Modern efforts to achieve this are evidenced in such programs as ISBD, ISNB and MARC. These plans can be fulfilled only through international cooperation on a large scale, a trend which is contributing towards the growing internationalization of the profession and which, in turn, strongly affects library education. The improvement of the library services and the success of the above and future programs depend to a large degree on the quality of the libraries and on the professional training available around the world. International library associations such as the International Federation of Library Associations (I.F.L.A.; F.I.A.B. in its French form), and the Federation International de Documentation (F.I.D.) are well suited to promote these activities and support cooperation among nations in order to further the realization of these basic and essential goals. As the Association of American Library Schools is a member of I.F.L.A., it seems appropriate to explore the contributions of the federation which support education for librarianship. This paper is based primarily on a study of the Actes of the association, published between 1928 and 1968. These contain the minutes of the meetings, routine work of the committees, addresses and reports of their members, and also contributions from association members on the progress of libraries in their respective countries. They are written in the official

Development of Economic Relations Between Socialist and Industrially Developed Capitalist Countries

Abstract: The possibility of broad collaboration between countries with different socioeconomic systems was demonstrated by V. I. Lenin, who believed that with increasing internationalization of the world economy the degree of participation of socialist countries in the worldwide division of labor would grow. "There is a power that is greater than the desire, will, and resolve of any of the hostile governments or classes. This power is common worldwide economic relations that compel them to enter into such relations with us"(1).

Two Types of International Economic Integration

Abstract: The development of integrative processes in international economic (and not only economic) life is a characteristic feature in the modern world. The concentration and internationalization of production and the new needs of scientific and technological progress have become the objective basis of origin for inherently different integrated communities. These communities are an important factor in the world economy, and especially in the economy of Europe. At the same time, the regional, as opposed to the worldwide, basis for integration may have certain contradictions. These contradictions surface when a community resorts to one or another form of collective protectionism.