Showing papers on "Internationalization published in 1981"

Company Internationalisation: Active and Reactive Exporting

Abstract: Reviews the concepts and models of corporate internationalization. Introduces new data measuring exporter internationalization among a sample of medium‐sized firms in the UK. Analyses the export policy differences between firms with different internationalization characteristics. Shows that the internationalization concept provides a greater insight into exporter policy differences than do common prescriptive approaches, which can be used to evaluate and predict export behaviour.

Third World indebted industrialization: international finance and state capitalism in Mexico, Brazil, Algeria, and South Korea

Abstract: The past fifteen years have seen two important developments in the international economic system: the rapid industrialization of many less developed countries (LDCs) and their increasing indebtedness to private financial institutions. Massive bank loans have been used to fund industrial growth in many LDCs; international financial markets have replaced multinational corporations as the Third World's most important source of private foreign capital. In four major borrowing countries—Mexico, Brazil, Algeria, and South Korea—the process of indebted industrialization has its roots in the internationalization of finance, the increasing role of the state, and the use of funds raised on the international capital markets to finance industrial development. The results include rapid expansions of LDC industrial production and LDC exports of manufactured products, as well as the formation of an implicit partnership between private financial institutions and state-capitalist elites in the Third World.

Internationalization of Capital: an Alternative Approach

Abstract: In this short essay I shall argue that the "internationalization of capital" is a much more fruitful approach for studying the world economy than "dependency theory." Quite specifically, I suggest that political economy today should not try to explain the backwardness of one part of the world vis a vis other parts but rather should explain the dynamics of the emergence of the international capitalist economy. In this context, it is crucial to understand the unequal patterns of development which are characteristic of capitalist development and which leave certain areas and certain classes more impoverished than most. As a framework of analysis, the internationalization of capital obliges us to return to the basic laws of capitalist accumulation which imply a particular organization of production and the social relations specific to this mode of production. The internationalization of capital represents a sharp departure from previous and most current work by political economists on the international economy. Rather than starting from the nation-state as the unit of analysis, this analytical approach presupposes a qualitative change in the nature of the international economy. This transformation is related to the changes in the scale of production and the locus of decision making by those empowered to direct capitalist enterprise. With the emergence of the transnational corporation as the principal organizer of production on a global basis, decisions cease to be made with reference to a single nation. It becomes increasingly clear that the nation, or the nation-state, cannot limit capitalist expansion to its own borders. In the best of circumstances, individual political units might attempt to influence the allocation of investment resources through national policies aimed at increasing the rate of profit or improving the investment climate. But increasingly the dynamics of the world capitalist economy cannot be understood with reference to a single nation or group of nations. Productive decisions are now made on a global scale. There is another powerful reason for preferring the internationalization of capital as an explanatory theory to understand the world economy and, particularly, the plight of the nations of the "Third World." This new *David Barkin teaches at the Universidad Aut6noma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, Mexico City.

La politique industrielle dans les économies capitalistes avancées

Abstract: This article analyzes the principal features of industrial policy in the post-war advanced capitalist economies. Industrial policy is defined as a series of discriminatory measures developed by the state to promote industrial growth. Four main directions are outlined: increased financial aid to replace tariff protection; preference accorded to the more concentrated industries, particularly those related to, or in association with, national defense; new interest in the development of peripheral regions; and priority accorded to large corporations.A number of explanations are proposed for each of these main policies. The common thread running through them is the process of internationalization of production and trade liberalization. These lead each national economy to redefine its role in the global system. The analysis also underlines the ambivalent position of the state vis-a-vis a free market. Capitalist states rely upon the market to assure economic growth. The growth, nevertheless, is accompanied by regional and sectoral disequilibria which can reduce the political legitimacy of the state. This is why the state seeks to regulate growth, with a minimum of social conflict. State intervention is not designed solely to promote the interests of a class of large capitalists, but corresponds at the same time to the logic of capitalist accumulation and the requirements of political legitimacy.

Telematics and development

Abstract: Developed countries are rapidly evolving into information economies, and given the increasing internationalization of trade and interdependence, developing countries will also have to become information economies if they are to achieve higher economic growth rates. The essence of the information economy is that information is now the main capital input into manufacturing industry and as such is the key input to economic development. The activities of enquiring, communicating, evaluating, and deciding have become the activities absorbing the major proportion of national resources, with the need to know of the business decision‐maker as the main driving force. In developed information economies, industrial firms have become learning systems and a new division of labor in the economic productive system has evolved. The government‐controlled primary information sector is the source of much of the information input and the provider of the means of information transfer. Developing countries must develo...

Multinational Firms and the Theory of International Trade and Investment: A Correction and a Stronger Conclusion

Abstract: In a recent article in this Review, Raveendra Batra and Rama Ramachandran showed that the traditional models of international trade can preserve most of the attributes introduced by multinational firms. As part of their exposition, they conducted a comparative statics analysis to explore the implications of taxes and tariffs on resource allocation and international capital movement. The purpose of this paper is to correct some of the comparative statics results. In Section I, I show some mathematical errors in Section IV of their paper. Making these corrections leads to some quantitative changes in their results even though their conclusions are still valid. In Section II, I will show that some stronger results follow so far as the implications of tariffs on the rental on multinational capital is concerned.

The internationalization of manufacturing in the automobile industry: Some recent trends:

Abstract: not new either; with the development of the European Economic Community, the interpenetration of European markets grew: imports took between 20 percent and 50 percent of most European markets. Import penetration also reaches 25 percent in the United States. In 1980 Toyota which does not manufacture in the United States is the fourth largest seller in that market, whilst Volkswagen is the fourth largest car manufacturer in the United States. The fast integration of manufacturing internationally is more re-

Importance of Teaching The International Aspects of Criminal Justice

Abstract: National studies suggest that our college students do not have sufficient awareness or knowledge of international affairs, and this appears to be true of criminal justice students as well. A survey of programs in criminology-criminal justice indicates that we have not been giving sufficient attention to the international field in our curricula. This paper discusses the need for international courses in criminal justice, citing the vast increase in international crime and criminal activity, the increasing internationalization of crime, and the recent, rapid development of international agencies of crime control and prevention. The paper also suggests an outline and sketch of what should be covered in international courses of the field, and indicates suitable reference sources.

The internationalization of U.S. agriculture

Abstract: Agricultural trade is a major component in the international trade account of the United States. The agricultural community can take pride in the important contribution of American farms and ranches toward feeding the peoples of the world. Assisted by its natural attributes of abundant and rich farmland and a generally temperate climate in combination with unsurpassed warehousing facilities, this country serves as the world's food storehouse. The United States is the primary supplier of numerous agricultural commodities to many countries, and it is also a major but marginal supplier to many others, including a number of the world's leading importers. Foreign buyers are heavily dependent on the reliability of supplies from the United States. An equally important fact that often goes unrecognized is the profound dependence of American agriculture on its freedom of access to foreign markets. The internationalization of American agriculture has been a major contributor to the economic health of the industry. But, it has also opened the industry to the vagaries of international political gamesmanship and trade protectionist sentiment. The potential rewards of internationalization are considerable, but the associated risks of greater dependence on foreign markets have also increased.

Transnational enterprises and the internationalization of capital in Brazilian industry

Abstract: In a careful analytic movement from the genera) to the particular, the authors seek to clarify the complex and controversial phenomenon of the internationalization of capital. In the first part, after briefly reviewing the main theories in this area, they characterize the central aspects of postwar capitalist expansion in the centres; this expansion is analysed in various stages, beginning with the hegemony of the United States immediately after the war, through the period of expansion of the subsidiaries of transnational corporations (TNCs) originating from the United States, Europe and Japan, continuing with the national responses to this ‘American challenge’ and the differentiation among the centres, and culminating in the crisis of recent years which is causing the breakdown of the international order.

International Business and International Trade

Abstract: The primary emphasis in this book is on the techniques of international finance, but in this chapter the opportunity is taken to discuss, in broad terms, the motives and strategy of companies seeking to increase their value through the international exploitation of their relative strengths.